- Research Article
- Open access
- Published:
Multiple Positive Solutions for Second-Order -Laplacian Dynamic Equations with Integral Boundary Conditions
Boundary Value Problems volume 2011, Article number: 867615 (2011)
Abstract
We are concerned with the following second-order -Laplacian dynamic equations on time scales , , with integral boundary conditions , . By using Legget-Williams fixed point theorem, some criteria for the existence of at least three positive solutions are established. An example is presented to illustrate the main result.
1. Introduction
Boundary value problems with -Laplacian have received a lot of attention in recent years. They often occur in the study of the -dimensional -Laplacian equation, non-Newtonian fluid theory, and the turbulent flow of gas in porous medium [1–7]. Many works have been carried out to discuss the existence of solutions or positive solutions and multiple solutions for the local or nonlocal boundary value problems.
On the other hand, the study of dynamic equations on time scales goes back to its founder Stefan Hilger [8] and is a new area of still fairly theoretical exploration in mathematics. Motivating the subject is the notion that dynamic equations on time scales can build bridges between continuous and discrete equations. Further, the study of time scales has led to several important applications, for example, in the study of insect population models, neural networks, heat transfer, and epidemic models, we refer to [8–10]. In addition, the study of BVPs on time scales has received a lot of attention in the literature, with the pioneering existence results to be found in [11–16].
However, existence results are not available for dynamic equations on time scales with integral boundary conditions. Motivated by above, we aim at studying the second-order -Laplacian dynamic equations on time scales in the form of
with integral boundary condition
where is positive parameter, for with and , is the delta derivative, is the nabla derivative, is a time scale which is a nonempty closed subset of with the topology and ordering inherited from , 0 and are points in , an interval , with for all , , with , and where .
The main purpose of this paper is to establish some sufficient conditions for the existence of at least three positive solutions for BVPs (1.1)-(1.2) by using Legget-Williams fixed point theorem. This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, some useful lemmas are established. In Section 3, by using Legget-Williams fixed point theorem, we establish sufficient conditions for the existence of at least three positive solutions for BVPs (1.1)-(1.2). An illustrative example is given in Section 4.
2. Preliminaries
In this section, we will first recall some basic definitions and lemmas which are used in what follows.
Definition 2.1 (see [8]).
A time scale is an arbitrary nonempty closed subset of the real set with the topology and ordering inherited from . The forward and backward jump operators and the graininess are defined, respectively, by
The point is called left-dense, left-scattered, right-dense, or right-scattered if , , and or , respectively. Points that are right-dense and left-dense at the same time are called dense. If has a left-scattered maximum , defined ; otherwise, set . If has a right-scattered minimum , defined ; otherwise, set .
Definition 2.2 (see [8]).
For and , then the delta derivative of at the point is defined to be the number (provided it exists) with the property that for each , there is a neighborhood of such that
For and , then the nabla derivative of at the point is defined to be the number (provided it exists) with the property that for each , there is a neighborhood of such that
Definition 2.3 (see [8]).
A function is rd-continuous provided it is continuous at each right-dense point in and has a left-sided limit at each left-dense point in . The set of rd-continuous functions will be denoted by . A function is left-dense continuous (i.e., ld-continuous) if is continuous at each left-dense point in and its right-sided limit exists (finite) at each right-dense point in . The set of left-dense continuous functions will be denoted by .
Definition 2.4 (see [8]).
If , then we define the delta integral by
If , then we define the nabla integral by
Lemma 2.5 (see [8]).
If and , then
If and , then
Let the Banach space
be endowed with the norm , where
and choose a cone defined by
Lemma 2.6.
If , then for all .
Proof.
If , then . It follows that
With and , one obtains
Therefore,
From (2.11)–(2.13), we can get that
So Lemma 2.6 is proved.
Lemma 2.7.
is a solution of BVPs (1.1)-(1.2) if and only if is a solution of the following integral equation:
where
Proof.
First assume is a solution of BVPs (1.1)-(1.2); then we have
That is,
Integrating (2.18) from to , it follows that
Together with (2.19) and , we obtain
Thus,
namely,
Substituting (2.22) into (2.19), we obtain
The proof of sufficiency is complete.
Conversely, assume is a solution of the following integral equation:
It follows that
So . Furthermore, we have
which imply that
The proof of Lemma 2.7 is complete.
Define the operator by
for all . Obviously, for all .
Lemma 2.8.
If , then .
Proof.
It is easily obtained from the second part of the proof in Lemma 2.7. The proof is complete.
Lemma 2.9.
is complete continuous.
Proof.
First, we show that maps bounded set into itself. Assume is a positive constant and . Note that the continuity of guarantees that there is a such that for all . So we get from and that
That is, is uniformly bounded. In addition, notice that
which implies that
which implies that
That is,
So is equicontinuous for any . Using Arzela-Ascoli theorem on time scales [17], we obtain that is relatively compact. In view of Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem on time scales [18], it is easy to prove that is continuous. Hence, is complete continuous. The proof of this lemma is complete.
Let and be nonnegative continuous convex functionals on a pone , a nonnegative continuous concave functional on , and positive numbers with we defined the following convex sets:
and introduce two assumptions with regard to the functionals , as follows:
(H1) there exists such that for all ;
(H2) for any and .
The following fixed point theorem duo to Bai and Ge is crucial in the arguments of our main result.
Lemma 2.10 (see [19]).
Let be Banach space, a cone, and , . Assume that and are nonnegative continuous convex functionals satisfying (H1) and (H2), is a nonnegative continuous concave functional on such that for all , and is a complete continuous operator. Suppose
(C1), for ;
(C2), for ;
(C3) for with .
Then has at least three fixed points with
3. Main Result
In this section, we will give sufficient conditions for the existence of at least three positive solutions to BVPs (1.1)-(1.2).
Theorem 3.1.
Suppose that there are positive numbers , , and with , and such that the following conditions are satisfied.
(H3) for all , where
(H4) for all .
(H5) for all , where
Then BVPs (1.1)-(1.2) have at least three positive solutions.
Proof.
By the definition of the operator and its properties, it suffices to show that the conditions of Lemma 2.10 hold with respect to the operator .
Let the nonnegative continuous convex functionals , and the nonnegative continuous concave functional be defined on the cone by
Then it is easy to see that and (H1)-(H2) hold.
First of all, we show that . In fact, if , then
and assumption (H3) implies that
On the other hand, for , there is ; thus
Therefore, .
In the same way, if , then assumption (H4) implies
As in the argument above, we can get that . Thus, condition (C2) of Lemma 2.10 holds.
To check condition (C1) in Lemma 2.10. Let . We choose for . It is easy to see that
Consequently,
Hence, for , there are
In view of assumption (H5), we have
It follows that
Therefore, for . So condition (C1) in Lemma 2.10 is satisfied.
Finally, we show that (C3) in Lemma 2.10 holds. In fact, for and , we have
Thus by Lemma 2.10 and the assumption that on , BVPs (1.1)-(1.2) have at least three positive solutions. The proof is complete.
Theorem 3.2.
Suppose that there are positive numbers , , and with , , and such that (H3)-(H4) and the following condition are satisfied.
(H6) for all , where
Then BVPs (1.1)-(1.2) have at least three positive solutions.
Proof.
Let the nonnegative continuous convex functionals , be defined on the cone as Theorem 3.1 and the nonnegative continuous concave functional be defined on the cone by
We will show that condition (C1) in Lemma 2.10 holds. Let . We choose for . It is easy to see that
Consequently,
Hence, for , there are
In view of assumption (H6), we have
It follows that
Therefore, for . So condition (C1) in Lemma 2.10 is satisfied. Using a similar proof to Theorem 3.1, the other conditions in Lemma 2.10 are satisfied. By Lemma 2.10, BVPs (1.1)-(1.2) have at least three positive solutions. The proof is complete.
4. An Example
Example 4.1.
Consider the following second-order Laplacian dynamic equations on time scales
with integral boundary condition
where
Then BVPs (4.1)-(4.2) have at least three positive solutions.
Proof.
Take , , , , , and . It follows that
From (4.1)-(4.2), it is easy to obtain
Hence, we have
Moreover, we have
(H3) for all ,
(H4) for all ,
(H5)for all ,
Therefore, conditions (H3)–(H5) in Theorem 3.1 are satisfied. Further, it is easy to verify that the other conditions in Theorem 3.1 hold. By Theorem 3.1, BVPs (4.1)-(4.2) have at least three positive solutions. The proof is complete.
References
O'Regan D: Some general existence principles and results for , . SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 1993, 24(3):648–668. 10.1137/0524040
del Pino M, Drábek P, Manásevich R: The Fredholm alternative at the first eigenvalue for the one-dimensional p -Laplacian. Journal of Differential Equations 1999, 151(2):386–419. 10.1006/jdeq.1998.3506
Cabada A, Pouso RL: Existence results for the problem with nonlinear boundary conditions. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 1999, 35(2):221–231. 10.1016/S0362-546X(98)00009-1
Lü H, Zhong C: A note on singular nonlinear boundary value problems for the one-dimensional p -Laplacian. Applied Mathematics Letters 2001, 14(2):189–194. 10.1016/S0893-9659(00)00134-8
Feng W, Webb JRL: Solvability of three point boundary value problems at resonance. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 1997, 30(6):3227–3238. 10.1016/S0362-546X(96)00118-6
Gupta CP: A non-resonant multi-point boundary-value problem for a p -Laplacian type operator. In Proceedings of the 5th Mississippi State Conference on Differential Equations and Computational Simulations (Mississippi State, MS, 2001), Electron. J. Differ. Equ. Conf.. Volume 10. Southwest Texas State University; 2003:143–152.
Tian Y, Ge W: Periodic solutions of non-autonomous second-order systems with a p -Laplacian. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 2007, 66(1):192–203. 10.1016/j.na.2005.11.020
Bohner M, Peterson A: Dynamic Equations on Time Scales: An Introduction with Applications. Birkhäuser, Boston, Mass, USA; 2001:x+358.
Bohner M, Peterson A (Eds): Advances in Dynamic Equations on Time Scales. Birkhäuser, Boston, Mass, USA; 2003:xii+348.
Agarwal RP, Bohner M, Li W-T: Nonoscillation and Oscillation: Theory for Functional Differential Equations, Monographs and Textbooks in Pure and Applied Mathematics. Volume 267. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA; 2004:viii+376.
Sun H-R, Tang L-T, Wang Y-H: Eigenvalue problem for p -Laplacian three-point boundary value problems on time scales. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2007, 331(1):248–262. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2006.08.080
Jiang L, Zhou Z: Existence of weak solutions of two-point boundary value problems for second-order dynamic equations on time scales. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 2008, 69(4):1376–1388. 10.1016/j.na.2007.06.034
Tian Y, Ge W: Existence and uniqueness results for nonlinear first-order three-point boundary value problems on time scales. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 2008, 69(9):2833–2842. 10.1016/j.na.2007.08.054
Aykut Hamal N, Yoruk Fulya: Positive solutions of nonlinear m -point boundary value problems on time scales. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 2009, 231(1):92–105. 10.1016/j.cam.2009.02.003
Sun H-R: Triple positive solutions for p -Laplacian m -point boundary value problem on time scales. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 2009, 58(9):1736–1741. 10.1016/j.camwa.2009.07.083
Yang Y, Meng F: Positive solutions of the singular semipositone boundary value problem on time scales. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 2010, 52(3–4):481–489. 10.1016/j.mcm.2010.03.045
Agarwal RP, Bohner M, Rehák P: Half-linear dynamic equations. In Nonlinear Analysis and Applications: To V. Lakshmikantham on His 80th Birthday. Volume 1. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands; 2003:1–57.
Aulbach B, Neidhart L: Integration on measure chains. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Difference Equations, Boca Raton, Fla, USA. CRC Press; 2004:239–252.
Bai Z, Ge W: Existence of three positive solutions for some second-order boundary value problems. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 2004, 48(5–6):699–707. 10.1016/j.camwa.2004.03.002
Acknowledgment
This work is supported the by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China under Grant no. 10971183.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Li, Y., Zhang, T. Multiple Positive Solutions for Second-Order -Laplacian Dynamic Equations with Integral Boundary Conditions. Bound Value Probl 2011, 867615 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/867615
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/867615