Research

# Positive solution for a class of singular semipositone fractional differential equations with integral boundary conditions

Xingqiu Zhang

### Author affiliations

School of Mathematics and Statistics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R. China

School of Mathematics, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, P.R. China

Boundary Value Problems 2012, 2012:123  doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2012-123

 Received: 20 July 2012 Accepted: 10 October 2012 Published: 24 October 2012

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

### Abstract

In this article, by employing a fixed point theorem in cones, we investigate the existence of a positive solution for a class of singular semipositone fractional differential equations with integral boundary conditions. We also obtain some relations between the solution and Green’s function.

MSC: 26A33, 34B15, 34B16, 34G20.

##### Keywords:
fractional differential equations; integral boundary value problem; positive solution; semipositone; cone

### 1 Introduction

In this article, we consider the existence of a positive solution for the following singular semipositone fractional differential equations:

(1)

where , , , , is the standard Riemann-Liouville derivative, may be singular at and/or . Since the nonlinearity may change sign, the problem studied in this paper is called the semipositone problem in the literature which arises naturally in chemical reactor theory. Up to now, much attention has been attached to the existence of positive solutions for semipositone differential equations and the system of differential equations; see [1-11] and references therein to name a few.

Boundary value problems with integral boundary conditions for ordinary differential equations arise in different fields of applied mathematics and physics such as heat conduction, chemical engineering, underground water flow, thermo-elasticity, and plasma physics. Moreover, boundary value problems with integral conditions constitute a very interesting and important class of problems. They include two-point, three-point, multi-point, and nonlocal boundary value problems as special cases, which have received much attention from many authors. For boundary value problems with integral boundary conditions and comments on their importance, we refer the reader to the papers by Gallardo [12], Karakostas and Tsamatos [13], Lomtatidze and Malaguti [14], and the references therein.

On the other hand, fractional differential equations have been of great interest for many researchers recently. This is caused both by the intensive development of the theory of fractional calculus itself and by the applications of such constructions in various fields of science and engineering such as control, porous media, electromagnetic, and other fields. For an extensive collection of such results, we refer the readers to the monographs by Samko et al.[15], Podlubny [16] and Kilbas et al.[17]. For the case where α is an integer, a lot of work has been done dealing with local and nonlocal boundary value problems. For example, in [18] Webb studied the nth-order nonlocal BVP

where can have singularities, and the nonlinearity f satisfies Carathéodory conditions. Under weak assumptions, Webb obtained sharp results on the existence of positive solutions under a suitable condition on f. In [19] Hao et al. consider the nth-order singular nonlocal BVP

where is a parameter, a may be singular at and/or , may also have singularity at .

In two recent papers [20] and [21], by means of the fixed point theory and fixed point index theory, the authors investigated the existence and multiplicity of positive solutions for the following two kinds of fractional differential equations with integral boundary value problems:

and

where , and are the standard Riemann-Liouville derivative and the Caputo fractional derivative, respectively.

To the author’s knowledge, there are few papers in the literature to consider fractional differential equations with integral boundary value conditions. Motivated by above papers, the purpose of this article is to investigate the existence of positive solutions for the more general fractional differential equations BVP (1). Firstly, we derive corresponding Green’s function known as fractional Green’s function and argue its positivity. Then a fixed point theorem is used to obtain the existence of positive solutions for BVP (1). We also obtain some relations between the solution and Green’s function. From the example given in Section 4, we know that λ in this article may be greater than 2 and η may take the value 1. Therefore, compared with that in [21], BVP (1) considered in this article has a more general form.

The rest of this article is organized as follows. In Section 2, we give some preliminaries and lemmas. The main result is formulated in Section 3, and an example is worked out in Section 4 to illustrate how to use our main result.

### 2 Preliminaries and several lemmas

Let , , then is a Banach space. Denote , , .

For the reader’s convenience, we present some necessary definitions from fractional calculus theory and lemmas. They can be found in the recent literature; see [14-17].

Definition 2.1 The Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of order of a function is given by

provided the right-hand side is pointwise defined on .

Definition 2.2 The Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative of order of a continuous function is given by

where , denotes the integer part of the number α, provided that the right-hand side is pointwise defined on .

From the definition of the Riemann-Liouville derivative, we can obtain the statement.

Lemma 2.1 ([17])

Let. If we assume, then the fractional differential equation

has, , , as unique solutions, whereNis the smallest integer greater than or equal toα.

Lemma 2.2 ([17])

Assume thatwith a fractional derivative of orderthat belongs to.

Then

for some, , whereNis the smallest integer greater than or equal toα.

In the following, we present Green’s function of the fractional differential equation boundary value problem.

Lemma 2.3 Given, the problem

(2)

where, , , , is equivalent to

where

(3)

Here, , is called the Green function of BVP (2). Obviously, is continuous on.

Proof We may apply Lemma 2.2 to reduce (2) to an equivalent integral equation

for some . Consequently, the general solution of (2) is

By , one gets that . On the other hand, combining with

yields

Therefore, the unique solution of the problem (2) is

For , one has

For , one has

The proof is complete. □

Lemma 2.4 The functiondefined by (3) satisfies

(a1) , ;

(a2) , ;

(a3) , ;

(a4) , andis not decreasing on;

(a5) , ,

where, , .

Proof For , ,

For ,

For ,

For , ,

From above, (a1), (a2), (a3), (a5) are complete. Clearly, (a4) is true. The proof is complete. □

(H1) and there exist , , such that

(H2) There exists such that uniformly for ;

(H3) There exists such that

Let

(4)

Obviously, Q is a cone in a Banach space E and is an ordering Banach space.

Let

(5)

where is defined as that in (H1). It follows from Lemma 2.4 and (H3) that

(6)

So, and it satisfies

(7)

For any , , . Consequently, by (6) and Lemma 2.4, we have

(8)

For any , denote

We define an operator A as follows:

(9)

Lemma 2.5Suppose that ()-() hold. Thenis completely continuous.

Proof For any , it is clear that . By (H1), we get

(10)

By (10) and Lemma 2.4, we have

(11)

which together with (H3) means that operator A defined by (9) is well defined.

Now, we show that .

For any , by (H1) we have by (9) and Lemma 2.4 that

which means that

(12)

It follows from (12) and Lemma 2.4 that

Thus, A maps Q into Q.

Finally, we prove that A maps Q into Q is completely continuous.

Let be any bounded set. Then there exists a constant such that for any . Notice that , for any , , by (H3) and (11), we have

Therefore, is uniformly bounded.

On the other hand, since is continuous on , it is uniformly continuous on as well. Thus, for fixed and for any , there exists a constant such that for any and ,

(13)

Therefore, for any , we get by (10) and (13)

which implies that the operator A is equicontinuous. Thus, the Ascoli-Arzela theorem guarantees that is a relatively compact set.

Let , (). Then is bounded. Let , by (10), we get

(14)

By (9), we have

(15)

It follows from (14), (15), (H1), (H3), and the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem that A is continuous. Thus, we have proved the continuity of the operator A. This completes the complete continuity of A. □

To prove the main result, we need the following well-known fixed point theorem.

Lemma 2.6 (Fixed point theorem of cone expansion and compression of norm type [22])

Letandbe two bounded open sets in a Banach spaceEsuch thatandbe a completely continuous operator, whereθdenotes the zero element ofEandPa cone ofE. Suppose that one of the two conditions holds:

(i) , ; , ;

(ii) , ; , .

ThenAhas a fixed point in.

### 3 Main result

Theorem 3.1Assume that conditions ()-() are satisfied. Then the singular semipositone BVP (1) has at least one positive solution. Furthermore, there exist two constantssuch that

(16)

Proof Firstly, we show that the operator A has a fixed point in Q. Let

where r is the same as that defined in (H3). For any , by (10) and (12), we have that

Therefore,

which together with (H3) implies that

(17)

For in (H2), it is clear that

(18)

By (H3), we know that there exists a natural number big enough such that

(19)

Choose

(20)

By (H2), we know there exists such that

(21)

Take

(22)

In the following, we are in a position to show that

(23)

For any , by (8) we get

which together with (18), (19), (22), and (H3) implies that

(24)

For , , it follows from (H1), (20), (21), (22), and (24) that

(25)

By (25), we know that (23) holds. So, (17), (23), and Lemma 2.6 guarantee that A has at least one fixed point in and . Furthermore,

(26)

By simple computation, we have that

(27)

Secondly, we show BVP (1) has a positive solution. It follows from (8) and the fact that

which combined with (19) implies that

(28)

By (27) and (28), we have

(29)

Let , . It follows from (28) and that

(30)

By (7), (29), and (30), we obtain

Thus, we have proved that is a positive solution for BVP (1).

Finally, we show that (16) holds. From (26) and Lemma 2.4, we know that

(31)

Since , (30), and (31) mean that (16) holds for and holds. This completes the proof of Theorem 3.1. □

### 4 Example

Consider the following singular semipositone fractional differential equations:

(32)

where . It is clear (32) has the form of (1), where , , . By simple computation, we know that , . Let

Notice that

we have

(33)

It follows from the left side of (33) that

(34)

Considering , we get

(35)

By (34) and (35) we know (H1) holds. Obviously, (H2) holds for .

Now, we check (H3). By simple computation, we have , , , , . Take , then , . Thus, (H3) is valid. It follows from Theorem 3.1 that BVP (32) has at least one positive solution.

### Competing interests

The author declares that he has no competing interests.

### Acknowledgements

The author thanks the referee for his/her careful reading of the manuscript and useful suggestions. The project is supported financially by the Foundation for Outstanding Middle-Aged and Young Scientists of Shandong Province (Grant No. BS2010SF004), a Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program (Grant No. J10LA53, No. J11LA02), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 20110491154) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10971179).

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