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Partial neutral functional integro-differential equations of fractional order with delay

Abstract

In this paper we obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions of some classes of partial neutral integro-differential equations of fractional order by using suitable fixed point theorems.

MSC:26A33.

1 Introduction

Fractional differential and integral equations have recently been applied in various areas of engineering, science, finance, applied mathematics, bio-engineering and others. There has been a significant development in ordinary and partial fractional differential equations in recent years; see the monographs of Abbas et al. [1], Baleanu et al. [2], Kilbas et al. [3], Lakshmikantham et al. [4], Podlubny [5], and the references therein.

In [6], Czlapinski proved some results for the following system of the Darboux problem for the second-order partial functional differential equations of the form

(1)
(2)

where a,b>0, f:R×B×B×BR, Φ: E 0 R, D x := x , D y := y , D x y 2 := 2 x y , and is a vector space of real-valued functions defined in (,0]×(,0], equipped with a semi-norm and satisfying some suitable axioms, which was introduced by Hale and Kato [7]; see also [810] with rich bibliography concerning functional differential equations with infinite delay. Recently, Abbas et al. studied some existence results for the Darboux problem for several classes of fractional-order partial differential equations with finite delay [11, 12] and others with infinite delay [13, 14].

Motivated by the above papers, in this article we deal with the existence of solutions for two systems of neutral integro-differential equations of fractional order with delay. First, we consider the system of fractional-order neutral integro-differential equations with finite delay of the form

(3)
(4)
(5)

where J:=[0,a]×[0,b]; a,b,α,β>0, θ=(0,0), r=( r 1 , r 2 ), r 1 , r 2 (0,), I θ r is the left-sided mixed Riemann-Liouville integral of order r (see Section 2 for definition), D θ r c is the fractional Caputo derivative of order r, f:J× R n ×C R n , g:J×C R n are given continuous functions, ϕC( J ˜ ), φ:[0,a] R n , ψ:[0,b] R n are given absolutely continuous functions with φ(x)=ϕ(x,0), ψ(y)=ϕ(0,y) for each x[0,a], y[0,b], and C:=C([α,0]×[β,0]) is the Banach space of continuous functions on [α,0]×[β,0] coupled with the norm

w C = sup ( x , y ) [ α , 0 ] × [ β , 0 ] w ( x , y ) .

If uC([α,a]×[β,b]); α,β,a,b>0, then for any (x,y)J, define u ( x , y ) by

u ( x , y ) (s,t)=u(x+s,y+t);(s,t)[α,0]×[β,0],

here u ( x , y ) (,) represents the history of the state from time (xα,yβ) up to the present time (x,y).

Next, we consider the system of fractional-order neutral integro-differential equations with infinite delay of the form

(6)
(7)
(8)

where J, φ, ψ are as in the problem (3)-(5) and ϕC( J ˜ ), f:J× R n ×B R n , g:J×B R n are given continuous functions, and is called a phase space that will be specified in Section 4.

During the last two decades, many authors have considered the questions of existence, uniqueness, estimates of solutions, and dependence with respect to initial conditions of the solutions of differential and integral equations of two and three variables (see [1519] and the references therein).

It is clear that more complicated partial differential systems with deviated variables and partial differential integral systems can be obtained from (3) and (6) by a suitable definition of f and g. Barbashin [20] considered a class of partial integro-differential equations which appear in mathematical modeling of many applied problems (see [21], Section 19). Recently Pachpatte [22, 23] considered some classes of partial functional differential equations which occur in a natural way in the description of many physical phenomena.

We present the existence results for our problems based on the nonlinear alternative of the Leray-Schauder theorem. The present results extend those considered with integer order derivative [6, 9, 16, 24, 25] and those with fractional derivative [11, 12, 26].

2 Preliminaries

In this section, we introduce notations, definitions, and preliminary facts which are used throughout this paper. By C(J) we denote the Banach space of all continuous functions from J into R n with the norm

w J = sup ( x , y ) J w ( x , y ) ,

where denotes the usual supremum norm on R n .

Also, E:=C([α,a]×[β,b]) is a Banach space with the norm

w E = sup ( x , y ) [ α , a ] × [ β , b ] w ( x , y ) .

As usual, by AC(J) we denote the space of absolutely continuous functions from J into R n and L 1 (J) is the space of Lebesgue-integrable functions w:J R n with the norm

w L 1 = 0 a 0 b w ( x , y ) dydx.

Definition 2.1 ([27])

Let r=( r 1 , r 2 )(0,)×(0,), θ=(0,0), and u L 1 (J). The left-sided mixed Riemann-Liouville integral of order r of u is defined by

( I θ r u ) (x,y)= 1 Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 u(s,t)dtds,

where Γ() is the (Euler’s) gamma function defined by Γ(ξ)= 0 t ξ 1 e t dt; ξ>0.

In particular,

( I θ θ u ) (x,y)=u(x,y), ( I θ σ u ) (x,y)= 0 x 0 y u(s,t)dtds;for almost all (x,y)J,

where σ=(1,1).

Note that if u L 1 (J), then I θ r u exists for all r 1 , r 2 (0,). Moreover, I θ r uC(J) provided uC(J), and

( I θ r u ) (x,0)= ( I θ r u ) (0,y)=0;x[0,a],y[0,b].

Example 2.2 Let λ,ω(1,) and r=( r 1 , r 2 )(0,)×(0,). Then

I θ r x λ y ω = Γ ( 1 + λ ) Γ ( 1 + ω ) Γ ( 1 + λ + r 1 ) Γ ( 1 + ω + r 2 ) x λ + r 1 y ω + r 2 for almost all (x,y)J.

By 1r we mean (1 r 1 ,1 r 2 )[0,1)×[0,1).

Definition 2.3 ([27])

Let r(0,1]×(0,1] and u L 1 (J). The Caputo fractional-order derivative of order r of u is defined by the expression

D θ r c u(x,y)= ( I θ 1 r D x y 2 u ) (x,y)= 1 Γ ( 1 r 1 ) Γ ( 1 r 2 ) 0 x 0 y D s t 2 u ( s , t ) ( x s ) r 1 ( y t ) r 2 dtds.

The case σ=(1,1) is included, and we have

( c D θ σ u)(x,y)= ( D x y 2 u ) (x,y)for almost all (x,y)J.

Example 2.4 Let λ,ω(1,) and r=( r 1 , r 2 )(0,1]×(0,1]. Then

D θ r c x λ y ω = Γ ( 1 + λ ) Γ ( 1 + ω ) Γ ( 1 + λ r 1 ) Γ ( 1 + ω r 2 ) x λ r 1 y ω r 2 for almost all (x,y)J.

In the sequel, we need the following lemma.

Lemma 2.5 ([26])

Let f L 1 (J) and gAC(J). Then the unique solution uAC(J) of the problem

{ D θ r c ( u g ) ( x , y ) = f ( x , y ) ; ( x , y ) J , u ( x , 0 ) = φ ( x ) ; x [ 0 , a ] , u ( 0 , y ) = ψ ( y ) ; y [ 0 , b ] , φ ( 0 ) = ψ ( 0 ) ,

is given by the following expression:

u(x,y)=μ(x,y)+g(x,y)g(x,0)g(0,y)+g(0,0)+ ( I θ r f ) (x,y);(x,y)J,

where

μ(x,y)=φ(x)+ψ(y)φ(0).

As a consequence of Lemma 2.5, it is not difficult to verify the following result.

Corollary 2.6 Let f L 1 (J× R n ×C) and gAC(J×C). A function uAC([α,a]×[β,b]) is a solution of the problem (3)-(5) if and only if u satisfies

{ u ( x , y ) = Φ ( x , y ) ; ( x , y ) J ˜ , u ( x , y ) = μ ( x , y ) + g ( x , y , u ( x , y ) ) + g ( 0 , 0 , u ( 0 , 0 ) ) u ( x , y ) = g ( x , 0 , u ( x , 0 ) ) g ( 0 , y , u ( 0 , y ) ) u ( x , y ) = + I θ r f ( x , y , I θ r u ( x , y ) , u ( x , y ) ) ; ( x , y ) J .

Also, we need the following theorem.

Theorem 2.7 (Nonlinear alternative of Leray-Schauder type [28])

By U ¯ and ∂U we denote the closure of U and the boundary of U respectively. Let X be a Banach space and C a nonempty convex subset of X. Let U be a nonempty open subset of C with 0U and T: U ¯ C be a completely continuous operator.

Then either

  1. (a)

    T has fixed points or

  2. (b)

    there exist uU and λ(0,1) with u=λT(u).

3 Existence results with finite delay

Let us start by defining what we mean by a solution of the problem (3)-(5).

Definition 3.1 A function uE is said to be a solution of the problem (3)-(5) if u satisfies equations (3), (5) on J and the condition (4) on J ˜ .

Further, we present conditions for the existence of a solution of the problem (3)-(5).

(H1) There exist nonnegative functions p,q,dC(J) such that

f ( x , y , u , v ) p(x,y)+q(x,y)u+d(x,y) v C

for all (x,y)J, u R n , and vC.

(H2) For any bounded set B in E, the set {(x,y)g(x,y, u ( x , y ) ):uB} is equicontinuous in E, and there exist constants L 1 , L 2 0 such that

g ( x , y , u ) L 1 + L 2 u C ;(x,y)J and uC.

Set

L= a r 1 b r 2 Γ ( 1 + r 1 ) Γ ( 1 + r 2 ) , p = p J , q = q J and d = d J .

Theorem 3.2 Assume that the hypotheses (H1) and (H2) hold. Then if

4 L 2 + q L 2 + d L<1,
(9)

the problem (3)-(5) has at least one solution uAC([α,a]×[β,b]).

Proof Transform the problem (3)-(5) into a fixed point problem. Define the operator N:EE by

(Nu)(x,y)={ Φ ( x , y ) ; ( x , y ) J ˜ , μ ( x , y ) + g ( x , y , u ( x , y ) ) + g ( 0 , 0 , u ( 0 , 0 ) ) g ( x , 0 , u ( x , 0 ) ) g ( 0 , y , u ( 0 , y ) ) + I θ r f ( x , y , I θ r u ( x , y ) , u ( x , y ) ) ; ( x , y ) J .
(10)

It is clear that N maps E into itself. By Corollary 2.6, the problem of finding the solutions of the problem (3)-(5) is reduced to finding the solutions of the operator equation N(u)=u. We shall show that the operator N satisfies all the conditions of Theorem 2.7. The proof will be given in two steps.

Step 1: N is continuous and completely continuous.

Using (H2) we deduce that g is a complete continuous operator from E to R n , so it suffices to show that the operator N 1 :EE defined by

( N 1 u)(x,y)={ Φ ( x , y ) ; ( x , y ) J ˜ , μ ( x , y ) + I θ r f ( x , y , I θ r u ( x , y ) , u ( x , y ) ) ; ( x , y ) J
(11)

is continuous and completely continuous. The proof will be given in several claims.

Claim 1: N 1 is continuous.

Let { u n } n N be a sequence such that u n u in E. Then for each (x,y)[α,a]×[β,b], we have

Hence, for each (x,y)J, we get

Since u n u as n and f, I θ r are continuous, then

N 1 ( u n ) N 1 ( u ) E 0as n.

Claim 2: N 1 maps bounded sets into bounded sets in E.

Indeed, it is enough to show that for any η>0, there exists a positive constant >0 such that if u E η, we have that N 1 ( u ) E .

By (H2) and (H3), we have that for each (x,y)J and u E η,

( N 1 u ) ( x , y ) μ ( x , y ) + p a r 1 b r 2 Γ ( 1 + r 1 ) Γ ( 1 + r 2 ) + q a r 1 b r 2 Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) Γ ( 1 + r 1 ) Γ ( 1 + r 2 ) × 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 u ( s , t ) d t d s + d Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 u ( s , t ) C d t d s μ ( x , y ) + p a r 1 b r 2 Γ ( 1 + r 1 ) Γ ( 1 + r 2 ) + q a r 1 b r 2 Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) Γ ( 1 + r 1 ) Γ ( 1 + r 2 ) × 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 u J d t d s + d Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 u E d t d s μ J + p L + ( q L 2 + d L ) u E μ J + p L + ( q L + d ) L η : = 1 .

Thus,

N 1 ( u ) E max { 1 , Φ C } :=.

Claim 3: N 1 maps bounded sets in E into equicontinuous sets in E.

Let ( x 1 , y 1 ),( x 2 , y 2 )J, x 1 < x 2 , y 1 < y 2 , η>0, and let uE be such that u E η. Then

As x 1 x 2 , y 1 y 2 , the right-hand side of the above inequality tends to zero with the same rate of convergence for all uE with u E η.

The equicontinuity for the cases x 1 < x 2 <0, y 1 < y 2 <0 and x 1 0 x 2 , y 1 0 y 2 is obvious. As a consequence of Claims 1 to 3 together with the Arzelá-Ascoli theorem, we can conclude that N 1 is continuous and completely continuous.

Step 2: A priori bounds.

We shall show that there exists an open set UE with uλN(u) for all λ(0,1) and all uU.

Let uE be such that u=λN(u) for some 0<λ<1. Thus, for each (x,y)J, we have

u ( x , y ) = λ ( μ ( x , y ) + g ( x , y , u ( x , y ) ) + g ( 0 , 0 , u ( 0 , 0 ) ) g ( x , 0 , u ( x , 0 ) ) g ( 0 , y , u ( 0 , y ) ) ) + λ I θ r f ( x , y , I θ r u ( x , y ) , u ( x , y ) ) .

Then for (x,y)J, we have

u ( x , y ) μ ( x , y ) + 4 L 1 + L 2 ( u ( x , y ) C + u ( x , 0 ) C + u ( 0 , y ) C + u ( 0 , 0 ) C ) + p L + q L Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 u ( s , t ) d t d s + d Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 u ( s , t ) C d t d s μ ( x , y ) + 4 L 1 + 4 L 2 u E + p L + q L Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 u J d t d s + d Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 u E d t d s μ J + 4 L 1 + p L + ( 4 L 2 + q L 2 + d L ) u E .

It is obvious that

u E =max { u J ˜ , u J } max { ϕ J ˜ , u J } .

As consequence, if u J ϕ J ˜ , then u E ϕ J ˜ .

On the contrary, when u J > ϕ J ˜ , we have that u E = u J . So, from the previous inequalities and the condition (9), we arrive at

u E μ J + 4 L 1 + p L 1 4 L 2 q L 2 d L :=M.

Thus,

u E max { ϕ J ˜ , M } := M .

Set

U= { u E : u E < M + 1 } .

By our choice of U, there is no uU such that u=λN(u) for λ(0,1).

As a consequence of Steps 1 and 2 together with Theorem 2.7, we deduce that N has a fixed point u in U ¯ which is a solution to the problem (3)-(5). □

4 The phase space

The notation of the phase space plays an important role in the study of both qualitative and quantitative theory for functional differential equations. A usual choice is a semi-normed space satisfying suitable axioms, which was introduced by Hale and Kato (see [7]). For further applications, see, for instance, the books [10, 29, 30] and their references. For any (x,y)J, denote E ( x , y ) :=([0,x]×{0})({0}×[0,y]). Furthermore, in case x=a, y=b, we write simply . Consider the space (B, ( , ) B ) a semi-normed linear space of functions mapping (,0]×(,0] into R n and satisfying the following fundamental axioms which were adapted from those introduced by Hale and Kato for ordinary differential functional equations:

(A1) If z:(,a]×(,b] R n is a continuous function on J and z ( x , y ) B for all (x,y)E, then there are constants H,K,M>0 such that for any (x,y)J, the following conditions hold:

  1. (i)

    z ( x , y ) is in ;

  2. (ii)

    z(x,y)H z ( x , y ) B ;

  3. (iii)

    z ( x , y ) B K sup ( s , t ) [ 0 , x ] × [ 0 , y ] z(s,t)+M sup ( s , t ) E ( x , y ) z ( s , t ) B .

(A2) For the function z(,) in (A1), z ( x , y ) is a -valued continuous function on J.

(A3) The space is complete.

Now, we present some examples of phase spaces [6, 9].

Example 4.1 Let be the set of all functions ϕ:(,0]×(,0] R n which are continuous on [α,0]×[β,0], α,β0, with the semi-norm

ϕ B = sup ( s , t ) [ α , 0 ] × [ β , 0 ] ϕ ( s , t ) .

Then we have H=K=M=1. The quotient space B ˆ =B/ B is isometric to the space C of all continuous functions from [α,0]×[β,0] into R n with the supremum norm. This means that partial differential functional equations with finite delay are included in our axiomatic model.

Example 4.2 Let γR, and let C γ be the set of all continuous functions ϕ:(,0]×(,0] R n , for which a limit lim ( s , t ) e γ ( s + t ) ϕ(s,t) exists, with the norm

ϕ C γ = sup ( s , t ) ( , 0 ] × ( , 0 ] e γ ( s + t ) ϕ ( s , t ) .

Then we have H=1 and K=M=max{ e γ ( a + b ) ,1}.

Example 4.3 Let α,β,γ0, and let

ϕ C L γ = sup ( s , t ) [ α , 0 ] × [ β , 0 ] ϕ ( s , t ) + 0 0 e γ ( s + t ) ϕ ( s , t ) dtds

be the semi-norm for the space C L γ of all functions ϕ:(,0]×(,0] R n which are continuous on [α,0]×[β,0] measurable on ((,α]×(,0])((,0]×(,β]), and such that ϕ C L γ <. Then

H=1,K= α 0 β 0 e γ ( s + t ) dtds,M=2.

5 Existence results with infinite delay

Set

Ω:= { u : ( , a ] × ( , b ] R n : u ( x , y ) B  for  ( x , y ) E  and  u | J C ( J ) } .

Let us start by defining what we mean by a solution of the problem (6)-(8).

Definition 5.1 A function uΩ is said to be a solution of (6)-(8) if u satisfies equations (6) and (8) on J and the condition (7) on J ˜ .

Now, we present conditions for the existence of a solution of the problem (6)-(8).

( H 1 ) There exist nonnegative functions p ¯ , q ¯ , d ¯ C(J) such that

f ( x , y , u , v ) p ¯ (x,y)+ q ¯ (x,y)u+ d ¯ (x,y) v B

for all (x,y)J, u R n , and vB.

( H 2 ) For any bounded set B in Ω, the set {(x,y)g(x,y, u ( x , y ) ):uB} is equicontinuous in Ω, and there exist constants L ¯ 1 , L ¯ 2 0 such that

g ( x , y , u ) L ¯ 1 + L ¯ 2 u B ;(x,y)J and uB.

Set

p ¯ = p ¯ J , q ¯ = q ¯ J and d ¯ = d ¯ J .

Theorem 5.2 Assume that the hypotheses ( H 1 ) and ( H 2 ) hold. If

4 L ¯ 2 + q ¯ L 2 + d ¯ L<1,
(12)

then the problem (6)-(8) has at least one solution on (,a]×(,b].

Proof Transform the problem (6)-(8) into a fixed point problem. Let uΩ and define the operator N ¯ :ΩΩ by

( N ¯ u)(x,y)={ Φ ( x , y ) ; ( x , y ) J ˜ , μ ( x , y ) + g ( x , y , u ( x , y ) ) + g ( 0 , 0 , u ( 0 , 0 ) ) g ( x , 0 , u ( x , 0 ) ) g ( 0 , y , u ( 0 , y ) ) + I θ r f ( x , y , I θ r u ( x , y ) , u ( x , y ) ) ; ( x , y ) J .
(13)

As in Theorem 3.2, we can easily see that N ¯ maps Ω into itself.

Let v(,):(,a]×(,b] R n be a function defined by

v(x,y)={ ϕ ( x , y ) , ( x , y ) J ˜ , μ ( x , y ) , ( x , y ) J .

Then v ( x , y ) =ϕ for all (x,y)E.

For each wC(J) with w(x,y)=0 for each (x,y)E, we denote by w ¯ the function defined by

w ¯ (x,y)={ 0 , ( x , y ) J ˜ , w ( x , y ) , ( x , y ) J .

If u(,) satisfies the integral equation, u(x,y)=( N ¯ u)(x,y); (x,y)[α,a]×[β,b], we can decompose u(,) as u(x,y)= w ¯ (x,y)+v(x,y); (x,y)[α,a]×[β,b], which implies u ( x , y ) = w ¯ ( x , y ) + v ( x , y ) for every (x,y)J, and the function w(,) satisfies

w ( x , y ) = g ( x , y , u ( x , y ) ) + g ( 0 , 0 , w ¯ ( 0 , 0 ) + v ( 0 , 0 ) ) g ( x , 0 , w ¯ ( x , 0 ) + v ( x , 0 ) ) g ( 0 , y , w ¯ ( 0 , y ) + v ( 0 , y ) ) + I θ r f ( x , y , I θ r ( w ¯ ( x , y ) + v ( x , y ) ) , w ¯ ( x , y ) + v ( x , y ) ) .

Set

C 0 = { w C ( J ) : w ( x , y ) = 0  for  ( x , y ) E } ,

and let ( a , b ) be the norm in C 0 defined by

w ( a , b ) = sup ( x , y ) E w ( x , y ) B + sup ( x , y ) J w ( x , y ) = sup ( x , y ) J w ( x , y ) ,w C 0 .

C 0 is a Banach space with the norm ( a , b ) .

Note that uΩ if and only if w C 0 .

Let the operator P: C 0 C 0 be defined by

( P w ) ( x , y ) = g ( x , y , u ( x , y ) ) + g ( 0 , 0 , w ¯ ( 0 , 0 ) + v ( 0 , 0 ) ) g ( x , 0 , w ¯ ( x , 0 ) + v ( x , 0 ) ) g ( 0 , y , w ¯ ( 0 , y ) + v ( 0 , y ) ) + 1 Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 × f ( s , t , I θ r ( w ¯ ( s , t ) + v ( s , t ) ) , w ¯ ( s , t ) + v ( s , t ) , g ( s , t ) ) d t d s .
(14)

Then the operator N ¯ has a fixed point in Ω if and only if P has a fixed point in C 0 . As in the proof of Theorem 3.2, we can show that the operator P satisfies all the conditions of Theorem 2.7. Indeed, to prove that P is continuous and completely continuous and by using ( H 2 ), it suffices to show that the operator P ¯ :FF defined by

( P ¯ w ) ( x , y ) = 1 Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 × f ( s , t , I θ r ( w ¯ ( s , t ) + v ( s , t ) ) , w ¯ ( s , t ) + v ( s , t ) , g ( s , t ) ) d t d s
(15)

is continuous and completely continuous. Also, we can show that there exists an open set U F with uλP(u) for λ(0,1) and u U . Consequently, by Theorem 2.7, we deduce that N ¯ has a fixed point u in U ¯ which is a solution to the problem (6)-(8). □

6 An example

Consider the following neutral integro-differential equations of fractional order:

(16)
(17)
(18)

Set

f(x,y,u,v)= 3 + ( x + y ) | u | + x y | v | e 10 ( 1 + | u | + | v | ) ;(x,y)[0,1]×[0,1],

and

g(x,y,u)= 1 + 2 | u | 4 e x + y + 10 ;(x,y)[0,1]×[0,1].

We have μ(x,y)=x+ y 2 ; (x,y)[0,1]×[0,1]. For each u,vR and (x,y)[0,1]×[0,1], we have

| f ( x , y , u , v ) | e 10 ( 3 + ( x + y ) | u | + x y | v | ) ,

and

| g ( x , y , u ) | 1 4 e 10 ( 1 + 2 | u | ) .

Hence, the condition (H1) is satisfied with p =3 e 10 , q =2 e 10 , d = e 10 . Also, the condition (H2) is satisfied with L 1 = 1 4 e 10 and L 2 = 1 2 e 10 .

We shall show that the condition (9) holds for each ( r 1 , r 2 )(0,1]×(0,1] with a=b=1. Indeed, Γ( r i )>0.7, Γ(1+ r i )>0.7; i=1,2, and L= 1 Γ ( 1 + r 1 ) Γ ( 1 + r 2 ) <2.1. Then

4 L 2 + q L 2 + d L=2 e 10 + e 10 ( 2 L 2 + L ) < 12.92 e 10 <1.

Consequently, Theorem 3.2 implies that the problem (16)-(18) has at least one solution defined on [1,1]×[2,1].

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the referees for their helpful remarks. Third author is partially supported by FEDER and Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Spain, project MTM2010-15314.

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Correspondence to Alberto Cabada.

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The three authors have participated into the obtained results. The collaboration of each one cannot be separated in different parts of the paper. All of them have made substantial contributions to the theoretical results. The three authors have been involved in drafting the manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content. All authors have given final approval of the version to be published.

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Abbas, S., Benchohra, M. & Cabada, A. Partial neutral functional integro-differential equations of fractional order with delay. Bound Value Probl 2012, 128 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2012-128

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