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Partial neutral functional integro-differential equations of fractional order with delay

Saïd Abbas1, Mouffak Benchohra2 and Alberto Cabada3*

Author affiliations

1 Laboratoire de Mathématiques, Université de Saïda, B.P. 138, Saïda, 20000, Algeria

2 Laboratoire de Mathématiques, Université de Sidi Bel-Abbès, B.P. 89, Sidi Bel-Abbès, 22000, Algeria

3 Departamento de Análise Matemática, Facultade de Matemáticas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Boundary Value Problems 2012, 2012:128  doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2012-128

 Received: 9 July 2012 Accepted: 24 October 2012 Published: 6 November 2012

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

In this paper we obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions of some classes of partial neutral integro-differential equations of fractional order by using suitable fixed point theorems.

MSC: 26A33.

Keywords:
integro-differential equation; left-sided mixed Riemann-Liouville integral of fractional order; Caputo fractional-order derivative; finite delay; infinite delay; solution; fixed point

1 Introduction

Fractional differential and integral equations have recently been applied in various areas of engineering, science, finance, applied mathematics, bio-engineering and others. There has been a significant development in ordinary and partial fractional differential equations in recent years; see the monographs of Abbas et al.[1], Baleanu et al.[2], Kilbas et al.[3], Lakshmikantham et al.[4], Podlubny [5], and the references therein.

In [6], Czlapinski proved some results for the following system of the Darboux problem for the second-order partial functional differential equations of the form

(1)

(2)

where a , b > 0 , f : R × B × B × B R , Φ : E 0 R , D x : = x , D y : = y , D x y 2 : = 2 x y , and ℬ is a vector space of real-valued functions defined in ( , 0 ] × ( , 0 ] , equipped with a semi-norm and satisfying some suitable axioms, which was introduced by Hale and Kato [7]; see also [8-10] with rich bibliography concerning functional differential equations with infinite delay. Recently, Abbas et al. studied some existence results for the Darboux problem for several classes of fractional-order partial differential equations with finite delay [11,12] and others with infinite delay [13,14].

Motivated by the above papers, in this article we deal with the existence of solutions for two systems of neutral integro-differential equations of fractional order with delay. First, we consider the system of fractional-order neutral integro-differential equations with finite delay of the form

(3)

(4)

(5)

where J : = [ 0 , a ] × [ 0 , b ] ; a , b , α , β > 0 , θ = ( 0 , 0 ) , r = ( r 1 , r 2 ) , r 1 , r 2 ( 0 , ) , I θ r is the left-sided mixed Riemann-Liouville integral of order r (see Section 2 for definition), D θ r c is the fractional Caputo derivative of order r, f : J × R n × C R n , g : J × C R n are given continuous functions, ϕ C ( J ˜ ) , φ : [ 0 , a ] R n , ψ : [ 0 , b ] R n are given absolutely continuous functions with φ ( x ) = ϕ ( x , 0 ) , ψ ( y ) = ϕ ( 0 , y ) for each x [ 0 , a ] , y [ 0 , b ] , and C : = C ( [ α , 0 ] × [ β , 0 ] ) is the Banach space of continuous functions on [ α , 0 ] × [ β , 0 ] coupled with the norm

w C = sup ( x , y ) [ α , 0 ] × [ β , 0 ] w ( x , y ) .

If u C ( [ α , a ] × [ β , b ] ) ; α , β , a , b > 0 , then for any ( x , y ) J , define u ( x , y ) by

u ( x , y ) ( s , t ) = u ( x + s , y + t ) ; ( s , t ) [ α , 0 ] × [ β , 0 ] ,

here u ( x , y ) ( , ) represents the history of the state from time ( x α , y β ) up to the present time ( x , y ) .

Next, we consider the system of fractional-order neutral integro-differential equations with infinite delay of the form

(6)

(7)

(8)

where J, φ, ψ are as in the problem (3)-(5) and ϕ C ( J ˜ ) , f : J × R n × B R n , g : J × B R n are given continuous functions, and ℬ is called a phase space that will be specified in Section 4.

During the last two decades, many authors have considered the questions of existence, uniqueness, estimates of solutions, and dependence with respect to initial conditions of the solutions of differential and integral equations of two and three variables (see [15-19] and the references therein).

It is clear that more complicated partial differential systems with deviated variables and partial differential integral systems can be obtained from (3) and (6) by a suitable definition of f and g. Barbashin [20] considered a class of partial integro-differential equations which appear in mathematical modeling of many applied problems (see [21], Section 19). Recently Pachpatte [22,23] considered some classes of partial functional differential equations which occur in a natural way in the description of many physical phenomena.

We present the existence results for our problems based on the nonlinear alternative of the Leray-Schauder theorem. The present results extend those considered with integer order derivative [6,9,16,24,25] and those with fractional derivative [11,12,26].

2 Preliminaries

In this section, we introduce notations, definitions, and preliminary facts which are used throughout this paper. By C ( J ) we denote the Banach space of all continuous functions from J into R n with the norm

w J = sup ( x , y ) J w ( x , y ) ,

where denotes the usual supremum norm on R n .

Also, E : = C ( [ α , a ] × [ β , b ] ) is a Banach space with the norm

w E = sup ( x , y ) [ α , a ] × [ β , b ] w ( x , y ) .

As usual, by A C ( J ) we denote the space of absolutely continuous functions from J into R n and L 1 ( J ) is the space of Lebesgue-integrable functions w : J R n with the norm

w L 1 = 0 a 0 b w ( x , y ) d y d x .

Definition 2.1 ([27])

Let r = ( r 1 , r 2 ) ( 0 , ) × ( 0 , ) , θ = ( 0 , 0 ) , and u L 1 ( J ) . The left-sided mixed Riemann-Liouville integral of order r of u is defined by

( I θ r u ) ( x , y ) = 1 Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 u ( s , t ) d t d s ,

where Γ ( ) is the (Euler’s) gamma function defined by Γ ( ξ ) = 0 t ξ 1 e t d t ; ξ > 0 .

In particular,

( I θ θ u ) ( x , y ) = u ( x , y ) , ( I θ σ u ) ( x , y ) = 0 x 0 y u ( s , t ) d t d s ; for almost all  ( x , y ) J ,

where σ = ( 1 , 1 ) .

Note that if u L 1 ( J ) , then I θ r u exists for all r 1 , r 2 ( 0 , ) . Moreover, I θ r u C ( J ) provided u C ( J ) , and

( I θ r u ) ( x , 0 ) = ( I θ r u ) ( 0 , y ) = 0 ; x [ 0 , a ] , y [ 0 , b ] .

Example 2.2 Let λ , ω ( 1 , ) and r = ( r 1 , r 2 ) ( 0 , ) × ( 0 , ) . Then

I θ r x λ y ω = Γ ( 1 + λ ) Γ ( 1 + ω ) Γ ( 1 + λ + r 1 ) Γ ( 1 + ω + r 2 ) x λ + r 1 y ω + r 2 for almost all  ( x , y ) J .

By 1 r we mean ( 1 r 1 , 1 r 2 ) [ 0 , 1 ) × [ 0 , 1 ) .

Definition 2.3 ([27])

Let r ( 0 , 1 ] × ( 0 , 1 ] and u L 1 ( J ) . The Caputo fractional-order derivative of order r of u is defined by the expression

D θ r c u ( x , y ) = ( I θ 1 r D x y 2 u ) ( x , y ) = 1 Γ ( 1 r 1 ) Γ ( 1 r 2 ) 0 x 0 y D s t 2 u ( s , t ) ( x s ) r 1 ( y t ) r 2 d t d s .

The case σ = ( 1 , 1 ) is included, and we have

( c D θ σ u ) ( x , y ) = ( D x y 2 u ) ( x , y ) for almost all  ( x , y ) J .

Example 2.4 Let λ , ω ( 1 , ) and r = ( r 1 , r 2 ) ( 0 , 1 ] × ( 0 , 1 ] . Then

D θ r c x λ y ω = Γ ( 1 + λ ) Γ ( 1 + ω ) Γ ( 1 + λ r 1 ) Γ ( 1 + ω r 2 ) x λ r 1 y ω r 2 for almost all  ( x , y ) J .

In the sequel, we need the following lemma.

Lemma 2.5 ([26])

Let f L 1 ( J ) and g A C ( J ) . Then the unique solution u A C ( J ) of the problem

{ D θ r c ( u g ) ( x , y ) = f ( x , y ) ; ( x , y ) J , u ( x , 0 ) = φ ( x ) ; x [ 0 , a ] , u ( 0 , y ) = ψ ( y ) ; y [ 0 , b ] , φ ( 0 ) = ψ ( 0 ) ,

is given by the following expression:

u ( x , y ) = μ ( x , y ) + g ( x , y ) g ( x , 0 ) g ( 0 , y ) + g ( 0 , 0 ) + ( I θ r f ) ( x , y ) ; ( x , y ) J ,

where

μ ( x , y ) = φ ( x ) + ψ ( y ) φ ( 0 ) .

As a consequence of Lemma 2.5, it is not difficult to verify the following result.

Corollary 2.6Let f L 1 ( J × R n × C ) and g A C ( J × C ) . A function u A C ( [ α , a ] × [ β , b ] ) is a solution of the problem (3)-(5) if and only ifusatisfies

{ u ( x , y ) = Φ ( x , y ) ; ( x , y ) J ˜ , u ( x , y ) = μ ( x , y ) + g ( x , y , u ( x , y ) ) + g ( 0 , 0 , u ( 0 , 0 ) ) u ( x , y ) = g ( x , 0 , u ( x , 0 ) ) g ( 0 , y , u ( 0 , y ) ) u ( x , y ) = + I θ r f ( x , y , I θ r u ( x , y ) , u ( x , y ) ) ; ( x , y ) J .

Also, we need the following theorem.

Theorem 2.7 (Nonlinear alternative of Leray-Schauder type [28])

By U ¯ and∂Uwe denote the closure ofUand the boundary ofUrespectively. LetXbe a Banach space andCa nonempty convex subset ofX. LetUbe a nonempty open subset ofCwith 0 U and T : U ¯ C be a completely continuous operator.

Then either

(a) Thas fixed points or

(b) there exist u U and λ ( 0 , 1 ) with u = λ T ( u ) .

3 Existence results with finite delay

Let us start by defining what we mean by a solution of the problem (3)-(5).

Definition 3.1 A function u E is said to be a solution of the problem (3)-(5) if u satisfies equations (3), (5) on J and the condition (4) on J ˜ .

Further, we present conditions for the existence of a solution of the problem (3)-(5).

(H1) There exist nonnegative functions p , q , d C ( J ) such that

f ( x , y , u , v ) p ( x , y ) + q ( x , y ) u + d ( x , y ) v C

for all ( x , y ) J , u R n , and v C .

(H2) For any bounded set B in E, the set { ( x , y ) g ( x , y , u ( x , y ) ) : u B } is equicontinuous in E, and there exist constants L 1 , L 2 0 such that

g ( x , y , u ) L 1 + L 2 u C ; ( x , y ) J  and  u C .

Set

L = a r 1 b r 2 Γ ( 1 + r 1 ) Γ ( 1 + r 2 ) , p = p J , q = q J and d = d J .

Theorem 3.2Assume that the hypotheses (H1) and (H2) hold. Then if

4 L 2 + q L 2 + d L < 1 , (9)

the problem (3)-(5) has at least one solution u A C ( [ α , a ] × [ β , b ] ) .

Proof Transform the problem (3)-(5) into a fixed point problem. Define the operator N : E E by

( N u ) ( x , y ) = { Φ ( x , y ) ; ( x , y ) J ˜ , μ ( x , y ) + g ( x , y , u ( x , y ) ) + g ( 0 , 0 , u ( 0 , 0 ) ) g ( x , 0 , u ( x , 0 ) ) g ( 0 , y , u ( 0 , y ) ) + I θ r f ( x , y , I θ r u ( x , y ) , u ( x , y ) ) ; ( x , y ) J . (10)

It is clear that N maps E into itself. By Corollary 2.6, the problem of finding the solutions of the problem (3)-(5) is reduced to finding the solutions of the operator equation N ( u ) = u . We shall show that the operator N satisfies all the conditions of Theorem 2.7. The proof will be given in two steps.

Step 1: Nis continuous and completely continuous.

Using (H2) we deduce that g is a complete continuous operator from E to R n , so it suffices to show that the operator N 1 : E E defined by

( N 1 u ) ( x , y ) = { Φ ( x , y ) ; ( x , y ) J ˜ , μ ( x , y ) + I θ r f ( x , y , I θ r u ( x , y ) , u ( x , y ) ) ; ( x , y ) J (11)

is continuous and completely continuous. The proof will be given in several claims.

Claim 1: N 1 is continuous.

Let { u n } n N be a sequence such that u n u in E. Then for each ( x , y ) [ α , a ] × [ β , b ] , we have

Hence, for each ( x , y ) J , we get

Since u n u as n and f, I θ r are continuous, then

N 1 ( u n ) N 1 ( u ) E 0 as  n .

Claim 2: N 1 maps bounded sets into bounded sets inE.

Indeed, it is enough to show that for any η > 0 , there exists a positive constant > 0 such that if u E η , we have that N 1 ( u ) E .

By (H2) and (H3), we have that for each ( x , y ) J and u E η ,

( N 1 u ) ( x , y ) μ ( x , y ) + p a r 1 b r 2 Γ ( 1 + r 1 ) Γ ( 1 + r 2 ) + q a r 1 b r 2 Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) Γ ( 1 + r 1 ) Γ ( 1 + r 2 ) × 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 u ( s , t ) d t d s + d Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 u ( s , t ) C d t d s μ ( x , y ) + p a r 1 b r 2 Γ ( 1 + r 1 ) Γ ( 1 + r 2 ) + q a r 1 b r 2 Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) Γ ( 1 + r 1 ) Γ ( 1 + r 2 ) × 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 u J d t d s + d Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 u E d t d s μ J + p L + ( q L 2 + d L ) u E μ J + p L + ( q L + d ) L η : = 1 .

Thus,

N 1 ( u ) E max { 1 , Φ C } : = .

Claim 3: N 1 maps bounded sets inEinto equicontinuous sets inE.

Let ( x 1 , y 1 ) , ( x 2 , y 2 ) J , x 1 < x 2 , y 1 < y 2 , η > 0 , and let u E be such that u E η . Then

As x 1 x 2 , y 1 y 2 , the right-hand side of the above inequality tends to zero with the same rate of convergence for all u E with u E η .

The equicontinuity for the cases x 1 < x 2 < 0 , y 1 < y 2 < 0 and x 1 0 x 2 , y 1 0 y 2 is obvious. As a consequence of Claims 1 to 3 together with the Arzelá-Ascoli theorem, we can conclude that N 1 is continuous and completely continuous.

Step 2: A priori bounds.

We shall show that there exists an open set U E with u λ N ( u ) for all λ ( 0 , 1 ) and all u U .

Let u E be such that u = λ N ( u ) for some 0 < λ < 1 . Thus, for each ( x , y ) J , we have

u ( x , y ) = λ ( μ ( x , y ) + g ( x , y , u ( x , y ) ) + g ( 0 , 0 , u ( 0 , 0 ) ) g ( x , 0 , u ( x , 0 ) ) g ( 0 , y , u ( 0 , y ) ) ) + λ I θ r f ( x , y , I θ r u ( x , y ) , u ( x , y ) ) .

Then for ( x , y ) J , we have

u ( x , y ) μ ( x , y ) + 4 L 1 + L 2 ( u ( x , y ) C + u ( x , 0 ) C + u ( 0 , y ) C + u ( 0 , 0 ) C ) + p L + q L Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 u ( s , t ) d t d s + d Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 u ( s , t ) C d t d s μ ( x , y ) + 4 L 1 + 4 L 2 u E + p L + q L Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 u J d t d s + d Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 u E d t d s μ J + 4 L 1 + p L + ( 4 L 2 + q L 2 + d L ) u E .

It is obvious that

u E = max { u J ˜ , u J } max { ϕ J ˜ , u J } .

As consequence, if u J ϕ J ˜ , then u E ϕ J ˜ .

On the contrary, when u J > ϕ J ˜ , we have that u E = u J . So, from the previous inequalities and the condition (9), we arrive at

u E μ J + 4 L 1 + p L 1 4 L 2 q L 2 d L : = M .

Thus,

u E max { ϕ J ˜ , M } : = M .

Set

U = { u E : u E < M + 1 } .

By our choice of U, there is no u U such that u = λ N ( u ) for λ ( 0 , 1 ) .

As a consequence of Steps 1 and 2 together with Theorem 2.7, we deduce that N has a fixed point u in U ¯ which is a solution to the problem (3)-(5). □

4 The phase space ℬ

The notation of the phase space ℬ plays an important role in the study of both qualitative and quantitative theory for functional differential equations. A usual choice is a semi-normed space satisfying suitable axioms, which was introduced by Hale and Kato (see [7]). For further applications, see, for instance, the books [10,29,30] and their references. For any ( x , y ) J , denote E ( x , y ) : = ( [ 0 , x ] × { 0 } ) ( { 0 } × [ 0 , y ] ) . Furthermore, in case x = a , y = b , we write simply ℰ. Consider the space ( B , ( , ) B ) a semi-normed linear space of functions mapping ( , 0 ] × ( , 0 ] into R n and satisfying the following fundamental axioms which were adapted from those introduced by Hale and Kato for ordinary differential functional equations:

(A1) If z : ( , a ] × ( , b ] R n is a continuous function on J and z ( x , y ) B for all ( x , y ) E , then there are constants H , K , M > 0 such that for any ( x , y ) J , the following conditions hold:

(i) z ( x , y ) is in ℬ;

(ii) z ( x , y ) H z ( x , y ) B ;

(iii) z ( x , y ) B K sup ( s , t ) [ 0 , x ] × [ 0 , y ] z ( s , t ) + M sup ( s , t ) E ( x , y ) z ( s , t ) B .

(A2) For the function z ( , ) in (A1), z ( x , y ) is a ℬ-valued continuous function on J.

(A3) The space ℬ is complete.

Now, we present some examples of phase spaces [6,9].

Example 4.1 Let ℬ be the set of all functions ϕ : ( , 0 ] × ( , 0 ] R n which are continuous on [ α , 0 ] × [ β , 0 ] , α , β 0 , with the semi-norm

ϕ B = sup ( s , t ) [ α , 0 ] × [ β , 0 ] ϕ ( s , t ) .

Then we have H = K = M = 1 . The quotient space B ˆ = B / B is isometric to the space C of all continuous functions from [ α , 0 ] × [ β , 0 ] into R n with the supremum norm. This means that partial differential functional equations with finite delay are included in our axiomatic model.

Example 4.2 Let γ R , and let C γ be the set of all continuous functions ϕ : ( , 0 ] × ( , 0 ] R n , for which a limit lim ( s , t ) e γ ( s + t ) ϕ ( s , t ) exists, with the norm

ϕ C γ = sup ( s , t ) ( , 0 ] × ( , 0 ] e γ ( s + t ) ϕ ( s , t ) .

Then we have H = 1 and K = M = max { e γ ( a + b ) , 1 } .

Example 4.3 Let α , β , γ 0 , and let

ϕ C L γ = sup ( s , t ) [ α , 0 ] × [ β , 0 ] ϕ ( s , t ) + 0 0 e γ ( s + t ) ϕ ( s , t ) d t d s

be the semi-norm for the space C L γ of all functions ϕ : ( , 0 ] × ( , 0 ] R n which are continuous on [ α , 0 ] × [ β , 0 ] measurable on ( ( , α ] × ( , 0 ] ) ( ( , 0 ] × ( , β ] ) , and such that ϕ C L γ < . Then

H = 1 , K = α 0 β 0 e γ ( s + t ) d t d s , M = 2 .

5 Existence results with infinite delay

Set

Ω : = { u : ( , a ] × ( , b ] R n : u ( x , y ) B  for  ( x , y ) E  and  u | J C ( J ) } .

Let us start by defining what we mean by a solution of the problem (6)-(8).

Definition 5.1 A function u Ω is said to be a solution of (6)-(8) if u satisfies equations (6) and (8) on J and the condition (7) on J ˜ .

Now, we present conditions for the existence of a solution of the problem (6)-(8).

( H 1 ) There exist nonnegative functions p ¯ , q ¯ , d ¯ C ( J ) such that

f ( x , y , u , v ) p ¯ ( x , y ) + q ¯ ( x , y ) u + d ¯ ( x , y ) v B

for all ( x , y ) J , u R n , and v B .

( H 2 ) For any bounded set B in Ω, the set { ( x , y ) g ( x , y , u ( x , y ) ) : u B } is equicontinuous in Ω, and there exist constants L ¯ 1 , L ¯ 2 0 such that

g ( x , y , u ) L ¯ 1 + L ¯ 2 u B ; ( x , y ) J  and  u B .

Set

p ¯ = p ¯ J , q ¯ = q ¯ J and d ¯ = d ¯ J .

Theorem 5.2Assume that the hypotheses ( H 1 ) and ( H 2 ) hold. If

4 L ¯ 2 + q ¯ L 2 + d ¯ L < 1 , (12)

then the problem (6)-(8) has at least one solution on ( , a ] × ( , b ] .

Proof Transform the problem (6)-(8) into a fixed point problem. Let u Ω and define the operator N ¯ : Ω Ω by

( N ¯ u ) ( x , y ) = { Φ ( x , y ) ; ( x , y ) J ˜ , μ ( x , y ) + g ( x , y , u ( x , y ) ) + g ( 0 , 0 , u ( 0 , 0 ) ) g ( x , 0 , u ( x , 0 ) ) g ( 0 , y , u ( 0 , y ) ) + I θ r f ( x , y , I θ r u ( x , y ) , u ( x , y ) ) ; ( x , y ) J . (13)

As in Theorem 3.2, we can easily see that N ¯ maps Ω into itself.

Let v ( , ) : ( , a ] × ( , b ] R n be a function defined by

v ( x , y ) = { ϕ ( x , y ) , ( x , y ) J ˜ , μ ( x , y ) , ( x , y ) J .

Then v ( x , y ) = ϕ for all ( x , y ) E .

For each w C ( J ) with w ( x , y ) = 0 for each ( x , y ) E , we denote by w ¯ the function defined by

w ¯ ( x , y ) = { 0 , ( x , y ) J ˜ , w ( x , y ) , ( x , y ) J .

If u ( , ) satisfies the integral equation, u ( x , y ) = ( N ¯ u ) ( x , y ) ; ( x , y ) [ α , a ] × [ β , b ] , we can decompose u ( , ) as u ( x , y ) = w ¯ ( x , y ) + v ( x , y ) ; ( x , y ) [ α , a ] × [ β , b ] , which implies u ( x , y ) = w ¯ ( x , y ) + v ( x , y ) for every ( x , y ) J , and the function w ( , ) satisfies

w ( x , y ) = g ( x , y , u ( x , y ) ) + g ( 0 , 0 , w ¯ ( 0 , 0 ) + v ( 0 , 0 ) ) g ( x , 0 , w ¯ ( x , 0 ) + v ( x , 0 ) ) g ( 0 , y , w ¯ ( 0 , y ) + v ( 0 , y ) ) + I θ r f ( x , y , I θ r ( w ¯ ( x , y ) + v ( x , y ) ) , w ¯ ( x , y ) + v ( x , y ) ) .

Set

C 0 = { w C ( J ) : w ( x , y ) = 0  for  ( x , y ) E } ,

and let ( a , b ) be the norm in C 0 defined by

w ( a , b ) = sup ( x , y ) E w ( x , y ) B + sup ( x , y ) J w ( x , y ) = sup ( x , y ) J w ( x , y ) , w C 0 .

C 0 is a Banach space with the norm ( a , b ) .

Note that u Ω if and only if w C 0 .

Let the operator P : C 0 C 0 be defined by

( P w ) ( x , y ) = g ( x , y , u ( x , y ) ) + g ( 0 , 0 , w ¯ ( 0 , 0 ) + v ( 0 , 0 ) ) g ( x , 0 , w ¯ ( x , 0 ) + v ( x , 0 ) ) g ( 0 , y , w ¯ ( 0 , y ) + v ( 0 , y ) ) + 1 Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 × f ( s , t , I θ r ( w ¯ ( s , t ) + v ( s , t ) ) , w ¯ ( s , t ) + v ( s , t ) , g ( s , t ) ) d t d s . (14)

Then the operator N ¯ has a fixed point in Ω if and only if P has a fixed point in C 0 . As in the proof of Theorem 3.2, we can show that the operator P satisfies all the conditions of Theorem 2.7. Indeed, to prove that P is continuous and completely continuous and by using ( H 2 ), it suffices to show that the operator P ¯ : F F defined by

( P ¯ w ) ( x , y ) = 1 Γ ( r 1 ) Γ ( r 2 ) 0 x 0 y ( x s ) r 1 1 ( y t ) r 2 1 × f ( s , t , I θ r ( w ¯ ( s , t ) + v ( s , t ) ) , w ¯ ( s , t ) + v ( s , t ) , g ( s , t ) ) d t d s (15)

is continuous and completely continuous. Also, we can show that there exists an open set U F with u λ P ( u ) for λ ( 0 , 1 ) and u U . Consequently, by Theorem 2.7, we deduce that N ¯ has a fixed point u in U ¯ which is a solution to the problem (6)-(8). □

6 An example

Consider the following neutral integro-differential equations of fractional order:

(16)

(17)

(18)

Set

f ( x , y , u , v ) = 3 + ( x + y ) | u | + x y | v | e 10 ( 1 + | u | + | v | ) ; ( x , y ) [ 0 , 1 ] × [ 0 , 1 ] ,

and

g ( x , y , u ) = 1 + 2 | u | 4 e x + y + 10 ; ( x , y ) [ 0 , 1 ] × [ 0 , 1 ] .

We have μ ( x , y ) = x + y 2 ; ( x , y ) [ 0 , 1 ] × [ 0 , 1 ] . For each u , v R and ( x , y ) [ 0 , 1 ] × [ 0 , 1 ] , we have

| f ( x , y , u , v ) | e 10 ( 3 + ( x + y ) | u | + x y | v | ) ,

and

| g ( x , y , u ) | 1 4 e 10 ( 1 + 2 | u | ) .

Hence, the condition (H1) is satisfied with p = 3 e 10 , q = 2 e 10 , d = e 10 . Also, the condition (H2) is satisfied with L 1 = 1 4 e 10 and L 2 = 1 2 e 10 .

We shall show that the condition (9) holds for each ( r 1 , r 2 ) ( 0 , 1 ] × ( 0 , 1 ] with a = b = 1 . Indeed, Γ ( r i ) > 0.7 , Γ ( 1 + r i ) > 0.7 ; i = 1 , 2 , and L = 1 Γ ( 1 + r 1 ) Γ ( 1 + r 2 ) < 2.1 . Then

4 L 2 + q L 2 + d L = 2 e 10 + e 10 ( 2 L 2 + L ) < 12.92 e 10 < 1 .

Consequently, Theorem 3.2 implies that the problem (16)-(18) has at least one solution defined on [ 1 , 1 ] × [ 2 , 1 ] .

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

The three authors have participated into the obtained results. The collaboration of each one cannot be separated in different parts of the paper. All of them have made substantial contributions to the theoretical results. The three authors have been involved in drafting the manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content. All authors have given final approval of the version to be published.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the referees for their helpful remarks. Third author is partially supported by FEDER and Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Spain, project MTM2010-15314.

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