Research

# Existence and multiplicity of solutions for some second-order systems on time scales with impulsive effects

Jianwen Zhou1, Yanning Wang2 and Yongkun Li1*

Author Affiliations

1 Department of Mathematics, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, People’s Republic of China

2 Oxbridge College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650106, People’s Republic of China

For all author emails, please log on.

Boundary Value Problems 2012, 2012:148  doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2012-148

 Received: 17 September 2012 Accepted: 6 December 2012 Published: 21 December 2012

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

### Abstract

In this paper, we present a recent approach via variational methods and critical point theory to obtain the existence of solutions for the nonautonomous second-order system on time scales with impulsive effects

{ u Δ 2 ( t ) + A ( σ ( t ) ) u ( σ ( t ) ) + F ( σ ( t ) , u ( σ ( t ) ) ) = 0 , Δ -a.e.  t [ 0 , T ] T κ ; u ( 0 ) u ( T ) = u Δ ( 0 ) u Δ ( T ) = 0 , ( u i ) Δ ( t j + ) ( u i ) Δ ( t j ) = I i j ( u i ( t j ) ) , i = 1 , 2 , , N , j = 1 , 2 , , p ,

where t 0 = 0 < t 1 < t 2 < < t p < t p + 1 = T , t j [ 0 , T ] T ( j = 0 , 1 , 2 , , p + 1 ), u ( t ) = ( u 1 ( t ) , u 2 ( t ) , , u N ( t ) ) R N , A ( t ) = [ d l m ( t ) ] is a symmetric N × N matrix-valued function defined on [ 0 , T ] T with d l m L ( [ 0 , T ] T , R ) for all l , m = 1 , 2 , , N , I i j : R R ( i = 1 , 2 , , N , j = 1 , 2 , , p ) are continuous and F : [ 0 , T ] T × R N R . Finally, two examples are presented to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of our results.

MSC: 34B37, 34N05.

##### Keywords:
nonautonomous second-order systems; time scales; impulse; variational approach

### 1 Introduction

Consider the nonautonomous second-order system on time scales with impulsive effects

{ u Δ 2 ( t ) + A ( σ ( t ) ) u ( σ ( t ) ) + F ( σ ( t ) , u ( σ ( t ) ) ) = 0 , Δ -a.e.  t [ 0 , T ] T κ ; u ( 0 ) u ( T ) = u Δ ( 0 ) u Δ ( T ) = 0 , ( u i ) Δ ( t j + ) ( u i ) Δ ( t j ) = I i j ( u i ( t j ) ) , i = 1 , 2 , , N , j = 1 , 2 , , p , (1.1)

where t 0 = 0 < t 1 < t 2 < < t p < t p + 1 = T , t j [ 0 , T ] T ( j = 0 , 1 , 2 , , p + 1 ),

u ( t ) = ( u 1 ( t ) , u 2 ( t ) , , u N ( t ) ) , A ( t ) = [ d l m ( t ) ] is a symmetric N × N matrix-valued function defined on [ 0 , T ] T with d l m L ( [ 0 , T ] T , R ) for all l , m = 1 , 2 , , N , I i j : R R ( i = 1 , 2 , , N , j = 1 , 2 , , p ) are continuous and F : [ 0 , T ] T × R N R satisfies the following assumption:

(A) F ( t , x ) is Δ-measurable in t for every x R N and continuously differentiable in x for Δ-a.e. t [ 0 , T ] T , and there exist a C ( R + , R + ) , b σ L 1 ( 0 , T ; R + ) such that

| F ( t , x ) | a ( | x | ) b ( t ) , | F ( t , x ) | a ( | x | ) b ( t )

for all x R N and Δ-a.e. t [ 0 , T ] T , where F ( t , x ) denotes the gradient of F ( t , x ) in x.

For the sake of convenience, in the sequel, we denote Γ = { 1 , 2 , 3 , , N } , Λ = { 1 , 2 , 3 , , p } .

When I i j 0 , i A , j B and A ( t ) is a zero matrix, (1.1) is the Hamiltonian system on time scales

{ u Δ 2 ( t ) + F ( σ ( t ) , u ( σ ( t ) ) ) = 0 , a.e.  t [ 0 , T ] , u ( 0 ) u ( T ) = u Δ ( 0 ) u Δ ( T ) = 0 . (1.2)

In [1], the authors study the Sobolev’s spaces on time scales and their properties. As applications, they present a recent approach via variational methods and the critical point theory to obtain the existence of solutions for (1.2).

When I i j ( t ) 0 , i A , j B and A ( t ) is not a zero matrix, until now the variational structure of (1.1) has not been studied.

Problem (1.1) covers the second-order Hamiltonian system with impulsive effects (when T = R )

{ u ¨ ( t ) + A ( t ) u ( t ) + F ( t , u ( t ) ) = 0 , a.e.  t [ 0 , T ] ; u ( 0 ) u ( T ) = u ˙ ( 0 ) u ˙ ( T ) = 0 , Δ u ˙ i ( t j ) = u ˙ i ( t j + ) u ˙ i ( t j ) = I i j ( u i ( t j ) ) , i Γ , j Λ , (1.3)

as well as the second-order discrete Hamiltonian system (when T = Z , T N , T 2 )

{ u ( t + 2 ) 2 u ( t + 1 ) + u ( t ) + A ( t + 1 ) u ( t + 1 ) + F ( t + 1 , u ( t + 1 ) ) = 0 , t [ 1 , T 1 ] Z , u ( 0 ) u ( T ) = 0 , u ( T ) u ( 0 ) = u ( T + 1 ) u ( 1 ) , u i ( t j + 2 ) u i ( t j + 1 ) u i ( t j ) + u i ( t j 1 ) = I i j ( u i ( t j ) ) , i Γ , j Λ .

In [2], the authors establish some sufficient conditions on the existence of solutions of (1.3) by means of some critical point theorems when A ( t ) 0 . When T R , until now, it is unknown whether problem (1.1) has a variational structure or not.

Impulsive effects exist widely in many evolution processes in which their states are changed abruptly at certain moments of time. The theory of impulsive differential systems has been developed by numerous mathematicians (see [3-5]). Applications of impulsive differential equations with or without delays occur in biology, medicine, mechanics, engineering, chaos theory and so on (see [6-9]).

For a second-order differential equation u = f ( t , u , u ) , one usually considers impulses in the position u and the velocity u . However, in the motion of spacecraft, one has to consider instantaneous impulses depending on the position that result in jump discontinuities in velocity, but with no change in position (see [10]). The impulses only on the velocity occur also in impulsive mechanics (see [11]). An impulsive problem with impulses in the derivative only is considered in [12].

The study of dynamical systems on time scales is now an active area of research. One of the reasons for this is the fact that the study on time scales unifies the study of both discrete and continuous processes, besides many others. The pioneering works in this direction are Refs. [13-17]. The theory of time scales was initiated by Stefan Hilger in his Ph.D. thesis in 1988, providing a rich theory that unifies and extends discrete and continuous analysis [18,19]. The time scales calculus has a tremendous potential for applications in some mathematical models of real processes and phenomena studied in physics, chemical technology, population dynamics, biotechnology and economics, neural networks and social sciences (see [16]). For example, it can model insect populations that are continuous while in season (and may follow a difference scheme with variable step-size), die out in winter, while their eggs are incubating or dormant, and then hatch in a new season, giving rise to a nonoverlapping population.

There have been many approaches to study solutions of differential equations on time scales, such as the method of lower and upper solutions, fixed-point theory, coincidence degree theory and so on (see [1,20-29]). In [24], authors used the fixed point theorem of strict-set-contraction to study the existence of positive periodic solutions for functional differential equations with impulse effects on time scales. However, the study of the existence and multiplicity of solutions for differential equations on time scales using the variational method has received considerably less attention (see, for example, [1,29]). The variational method is, to the best of our knowledge, novel and it may open a new approach to deal with nonlinear problems, with some type of discontinuities such as impulses.

Motivated by the above, we research the existence of variational construction for problem (1.1) in an appropriate space of functions and study the existence of solutions for (1.1) by some critical point theorems in this paper. All these results are new.

### 2 Preliminaries and statements

In this section, we present some fundamental definitions and results from the calculus on time scales and Sobolev’s spaces on time scales that will be required below. These are a generalization to R n of definitions and results found in [17].

Definition 2.1 ([[17], Definition 1.1])

Let T be a time scale. For t T , the forward jump operator σ : T T is defined by

σ ( t ) = inf { s T , s > t } for all  t T ,

while the backward jump operator ρ : T T is defined by

ρ ( t ) = sup { s T , s < t } for all  t T

(supplemented by inf = sup T and sup = inf T , where ∅ denotes the empty set). A point t T is called right-scattered, left-scattered, if σ ( t ) > t , ρ ( t ) < t hold, respectively. Points that are right-scattered and left-scattered at the same time are called isolated. Also, if t < sup T and σ ( t ) = t , then t is called right-dense, and if t > inf T and ρ ( t ) = t , then t is called left-dense. Points that are right-dense and left-dense at the same time are called dense. The set T κ which is derived from the time scale T as follows. If T has a left-scattered maximum m, then T κ = T { m } ; otherwise, T κ = T .

When a , b T , a < b , we denote the intervals [ a , b ] T , [ a , b ) T and ( a , b ] T in T by

[ a , b ] T = [ a , b ] T , [ a , b ) T = [ a , b ) T , ( a , b ] T = ( a , b ] T ,

respectively. Note that [ a , b ] T κ = [ a , b ] T if b is left-dense and [ a , b ] T κ = [ a , b ) T = [ a , ρ ( b ) ] T if b is left-scattered. We denote [ a , b ] T κ 2 = ( [ a , b ] T κ ) κ , therefore [ a , b ] T κ 2 = [ a , b ] T if b is left-dense and [ a , b ] T κ 2 = [ a , ρ ( b ) ] T κ if b is left-scattered.

Definition 2.2 ([[17], Definition 1.10])

Assume that f : T R is a function and let t T κ . Then we define f Δ ( t ) to be the number (provided it exists) with the property that given any ϵ > 0 , there is a neighborhood U of t (i.e., U = ( t δ , t + δ ) T for some δ > 0 ) such that

| [ f ( σ ( t ) ) f ( s ) ] f Δ ( t ) [ σ ( t ) s ] | ϵ | σ ( t ) s | for all  s U .

We call f Δ ( t ) the delta (or Hilger) derivative of f at t. The function f is delta (or Hilger) differentiable on T κ provided f Δ ( t ) exists for all t T κ . The function f Δ : T κ R is then called the delta derivative of f on T κ .

Definition 2.3 ([[1], Definition 2.3])

Assume that f : T R N is a function,

f ( t ) = ( f 1 ( t ) , f 2 ( t ) , , f N ( t ) ) ,

and let t T κ . Then we define f Δ ( t ) = ( f 1 Δ ( t ) , f 2 Δ ( t ) , , f N Δ ( t ) ) (provided it exists). We call f Δ ( t ) the delta (or Hilger) derivative of f at t. The function f is delta (or Hilger) differentiable provided f Δ ( t ) exists for all t T κ . The function f Δ : T κ R N is then called the delta derivative of f on T κ .

Definition 2.4 ([[17], Definition 2.7])

For a function f : T R , we will talk about the second derivative f Δ 2 provided f Δ is differentiable on T κ 2 = ( T κ ) κ with derivative f Δ 2 = ( f Δ ) Δ : T κ 2 R .

Definition 2.5 ([[1], Definition 2.5])

For a function f : T R N , we will talk about the second derivative f Δ 2 provided f Δ is differentiable on T κ 2 = ( T κ ) κ with derivative f Δ 2 = ( f Δ ) Δ : T κ 2 R N .

The Δ-measure μ Δ and Δ-integration are defined as those in [26].

Definition 2.6 ([[1], Definition 2.7])

Assume that f : T R N is a function, f ( t ) = ( f 1 ( t ) , f 2 ( t ) , , f N ( t ) ) and let A be a Δ-measurable subset of T . f is integrable on A if and only if f i ( i = 1 , 2 , , N ) are integrable on A, and A f ( t ) Δ t = ( A f 1 ( t ) Δ t , A f 2 ( t ) Δ t , , A f N ( t ) Δ t ) .

Definition 2.7 ([[17], Definition 2.3])

Let B T . B is called a Δ-null set if μ Δ ( B ) = 0 . Say that a property P holds Δ-almost everywhere (Δ-a.e.) on B, or for Δ-almost all (Δ-a.a.) t B if there is a Δ-null set E 0 B such that P holds for all t B E 0 .

For p R , p 1 , we set the space

L Δ p ( [ 0 , T ) T , R N ) = { u : [ 0 , T ) T R N : [ 0 , T ) T | f ( t ) | p Δ t < + }

with the norm

f L Δ p = ( [ 0 , T ) T | f ( t ) | p Δ t ) 1 p .

We have the following theorem.

Theorem 2.1 ([[1], Theorem 2.1])

Let p R be such that p 1 . Then the space L Δ p ( [ 0 , T ) T , R N ) is a Banach space together with the norm L Δ p . Moreover, L Δ 2 ( [ a , b ) T , R N ) is a Hilbert space together with the inner product given for every ( f , g ) L Δ p ( [ a , b ) T , R N ) × L Δ p ( [ a , b ) T , R N ) by

f , g L Δ 2 = [ a , b ) T ( f ( t ) , g ( t ) ) Δ t ,

where ( , ) denotes the inner product in R N .

Definition 2.8 ([[1], Definition 2.11])

A function f : [ a , b ] T R N , f ( t ) = ( f 1 ( t ) , f 2 ( t ) , , f N ( t ) ) . We say that f is absolutely continuous on [ a , b ] T (i.e., f A C ( [ a , b ] T , R N ) ) if for every ϵ > 0 , there exists δ > 0 such that if { [ a k , b k ) T } k = 1 n is a finite pairwise disjoint family of subintervals of [ a , b ] T satisfying k = 1 n ( b k a k ) < δ , then k = 1 n | f ( b k ) f ( a k ) | < ϵ .

Now, we recall the Sobolev space W Δ , T 1 , p ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) on [ 0 , T ] T defined in [1]. For the sake of convenience, in the sequel we let u σ ( t ) = u ( σ ( t ) ) .

Definition 2.9 ([[1], Definition 2.12])

Let p R be such that p > 1 and u : [ 0 , T ] T R N . We say that u W Δ , T 1 , p ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) if and only if u L Δ p ( [ 0 , T ) T , R N ) and there exists g : [ 0 , T ] T κ R N such g L Δ p ( [ 0 , T ) T , R N ) and

[ 0 , T ) T ( u ( t ) , ϕ Δ ( t ) ) Δ t = [ 0 , T ) T ( g ( t ) , ϕ σ ( t ) ) Δ t , ϕ C T , r d 1 ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) . (2.1)

For p R , p > 1 , we denote

V Δ , T 1 , p ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) = { x A C ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) : x Δ L Δ p ( [ 0 , T ) T , R N ) , x ( 0 ) = x ( T ) } .

It follows from Remark 2.2 in [1] that

V Δ 1 , p ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) W Δ 1 , p ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N )

is true for every p R with p > 1 . These two sets are, as a class of functions, equivalent. It is the characterization of functions in W Δ , T 1 , p ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) in terms of functions in V Δ , T 1 , p ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) too. That is the following theorem.

Theorem 2.2 ([[1], Theorem 2.5])

Suppose that u W Δ , T 1 , p ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) for some p R with p > 1 , and that (2.1) holds for g L Δ p ( [ 0 , T ) T , R N ) . Then there exists a unique function x V Δ , T 1 , p ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) such that the equalities

x = u , x Δ = g Δ -a.e. on   [ 0 , T ) T (2.2)

are satisfied and

[ 0 , T ) T g ( t ) Δ t = 0 . (2.3)

By identifying u W Δ , T 1 , p ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) with its absolutely continuous representative x V Δ , T 1 , p ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) for which (2.2) holds, the set W Δ , T 1 , p ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) can be endowed with the structure of a Banach space. That is the following theorem.

Theorem 2.3 ([[25], Theorem 2.21])

Assume p R and p > 1 . The set W Δ , T 1 , p ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) is a Banach space together with the norm defined as

(2.4)

Moreover, the set H Δ , T 1 = W Δ , T 1 , 2 ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) is a Hilbert space together with the inner product

u , v H Δ , T 1 = [ 0 , T ) T ( u σ ( t ) , v σ ( t ) ) Δ t + [ 0 , T ) T ( u Δ ( t ) , v Δ ( t ) ) Δ t u , v H Δ , T 1 .

The Banach space W Δ , T 1 , p ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) has some important properties.

Theorem 2.4 ([[25], Theorem 2.23])

There exists C 1 > 0 such that the inequality

u C 1 u H Δ , T 1 (2.5)

holds for all u H Δ , T 1 , where u = max t [ 0 , T ] T | u ( t ) | .

Moreover, if [ 0 , T ) T u ( t ) Δ t = 0 , then

u C 1 u Δ L Δ 2 .

Theorem 2.5 ([[25], Theorem 2.25])

If the sequence { u k } k N W Δ , T 1 , p ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) converges weakly touin W Δ , T 1 , p ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) , then { u k } k N converges strongly in C ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) tou.

Theorem 2.6 ([[25], Theorem 2.27])

Let L : [ 0 , T ] T × R N × R N R , ( t , x , y ) L ( t , x , y ) be Δ-measurable intfor each ( x , y ) R N × R N and continuously differentiable in ( x , y ) for Δ-almost every t [ 0 , T ] T . If there exist a C ( R + , R + ) , b L Δ 1 ( [ 0 , T ] T , R + ) and c L Δ q ( [ 0 , T ] T , R + ) ( 1 < q < + ) such that for Δ-almost t [ 0 , T ] T and every ( x , y ) R N × R N , one has

(2.6)

where 1 p + 1 q = 1 , then the functional Φ : W Δ , T 1 , p ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) R defined as

Φ ( u ) = [ 0 , T ) T L ( σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) , u Δ ( t ) ) Δ t

is continuously differentiable on W Δ , T 1 , p ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) and

Φ ( u ) , v = [ 0 , T ) T [ ( L x ( σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) , u Δ ( t ) ) , v σ ( t ) ) + ( L y ( σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) , u Δ ( t ) ) , v Δ ( t ) ) ] Δ t . (2.7)

### 3 Variational setting

In this section, we recall some basic facts which will be used in the proofs of our main results. In order to apply the critical point theory, we make a variational structure. From this variational structure, we can reduce the problem of finding solutions of (1.1) to the one of seeking the critical points of a corresponding functional.

If u H Δ , T 1 , by identifying u H Δ , T 1 with its absolutely continuous representative x V Δ , T 1 , 2 ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) for which (2.2) holds, then u is absolutely continuous and u ˙ L 2 ( [ 0 , T ) T ; R N ) . In this case, u Δ ( t + ) u Δ ( t ) = 0 may not hold for some t ( 0 , T ) T . This leads to impulsive effects.

Take v H Δ , T 1 and multiply the two sides of the equality

u Δ 2 ( t ) + A ( σ ( t ) ) u ( σ ( t ) ) + F ( σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) ) = 0

by v σ and integrate on [ 0 , T ) T , then we have

[ 0 , T ) T [ u Δ 2 ( t ) + A ( σ ( t ) ) u ( σ ( t ) ) + F ( σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) ) ] v σ ( t ) Δ t = 0 . (3.1)

Moreover, combining u Δ ( 0 ) u Δ ( T ) = 0 , one has

Combining (3.1), we have

Considering the above, we introduce the following concept solution for problem (1.1).

Definition 3.1 We say that a function u H Δ , T 1 is a weak solution of problem (1.1) if the identity

holds for any v H Δ , T 1 .

Consider the functional φ : H Δ , T 1 R defined by

φ ( u ) = 1 2 [ 0 , T ) T | u Δ ( t ) | 2 Δ t + j = 1 p i = 1 N 0 u i ( t j ) I i j ( t ) d t 1 2 [ 0 , T ) T ( A σ ( t ) u σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) ) Δ t + J ( u ) = ψ ( u ) + ϕ ( u ) , (3.2)

where

and

ϕ ( u ) = j = 1 p i = 1 N 0 u i ( t j ) I i j ( t ) d t .

Lemma 3.1The functionalφis continuously differentiable on H Δ , T 1 and

φ ( u ) , v = [ 0 , T ) T ( u Δ ( t ) , v Δ ( t ) ) Δ t + j = 1 p i = 1 N I i j ( u i ( t j ) ) v i ( t j ) [ 0 , T ) T [ ( A σ ( t ) u σ ( t ) , v σ ( t ) ) ( F ( σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) ) , v σ ( t ) ) ] Δ t . (3.3)

Proof Set L ( t , x , y ) = 1 2 | y | 2 1 2 ( A ( t ) x , x ) F ( t , x ) for all x , y R N and t [ 0 , T ] T . Then L ( t , x , y ) satisfies all assumptions of Theorem 2.6. Hence, by Theorem 2.6, we know that the functional ψ is continuously differentiable on H Δ , T 1 and

ψ ( u ) , v = [ 0 , T ) T [ ( u Δ ( t ) , v Δ ( t ) ) ( A σ ( t ) u σ ( t ) , v σ ( t ) ) ( F ( σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) ) , v σ ( t ) ) ] Δ t

for all u , v H Δ , T 1 .

On the other hand, by the continuity of I i j , i Γ , j Λ , one has that ϕ C 1 ( H Δ , T 1 , R ) and

ϕ ( u ) , v = j = 1 p i = 1 N I i j ( u i ( t j ) ) v i ( t j )

for all u , v H Δ , T 1 . Thus, φ is continuously differentiable on H Δ , T 1 and (3.3) holds. □

By Definition 3.1 and Lemma 3.1, the weak solutions of problem (1.1) correspond to the critical points of φ.

Moreover, we need more preliminaries. For any u H Δ , T 1 , let

q ( u ) = 1 2 [ 0 , T ) T [ | u σ ( t ) | 2 ( A σ ( t ) u σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) ) ] Δ t .

We see that

q ( u ) = 1 2 u 2 1 2 [ 0 , T ) T ( ( A σ ( t ) + I N × N ) u σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) ) Δ t = 1 2 ( I K ) u , u ,

where K : H Δ , T 1 H Δ , T 1 is the bounded self-adjoint linear operator defined, using the Riesz representation theorem, by

K u , v = [ 0 , T ) T ( ( A σ ( t ) + I N × N ) u σ ( t ) , v σ ( t ) ) Δ t , u , v H Δ , T 1 ,

I N × N and I denote an N × N identity matrix and an identity operator, respectively. By (3.2), φ ( u ) can be rewritten as

φ ( u ) = q ( u ) + ϕ ( u ) + J ( u ) = 1 2 ( I K ) u , u + ϕ ( u ) + J ( u ) . (3.4)

The compact imbedding of H Δ , T 1 into C ( [ 0 , T ] T , R N ) implies that K is compact. By classical spectral theory, we can decompose H Δ , T 1 into the orthogonal sum of invariant subspaces for I K

H Δ , T 1 = H H 0 H + ,

where H 0 = ker ( I K ) and H , H + are such that, for some δ > 0 ,

(3.5)

(3.6)

Remark 3.1K has only finitely many eigenvalues λ i with λ i > 1 since K is compact on H T 1 . Hence H is finite dimensional. Notice that I K is a compact perturbation of the self-adjoint operator I. By a well-known theorem, we know that 0 is not in the essential spectrum of I K . Hence, H 0 is a finite dimensional space too.

To prove our main results, we need the following definitions and theorems.

Definition 3.2 ([[30], P 81 ])

Let X be a real Banach space and I C 1 ( X , R ) . I is said to be satisfying (PS) condition on X if any sequence { x n } X for which I ( x n ) is bounded and I ( x n ) 0 as n , possesses a convergent subsequence in X.

Firstly, we state the local linking theorem.

Let X be a real Banach space with a direct decomposition X = X 1 X 2 . Consider two sequences of a subspace

X 0 1 X 1 1 X 1 , X 0 2 X 1 2 X 2

such that

dim X n 1 < + , dim X n 2 < + , n N

and

X 1 = n N X n 1 ¯ , X 2 = n N X n 2 ¯ .

For every multi-index α = ( α 1 , α 2 ) N 2 , we denote by X α the space X α 1 X α 2 . We say α β α 1 β 1 , α 2 β 2 . A sequence ( α n ) N 2 is admissible if, for every α N 2 , there is m 0 N such that n m 0 α n α .

Definition 3.3 ([[31], Definition 2.2])

Let I C 1 ( X , R ) . The functional I satisfies the ( C ) condition if every sequence ( u α n ) such that α n is admissible and

u α n X α n , sup | I ( u α n ) | < , ( 1 + u α n ) I ( u α n ) 0

contains a subsequence which converges to a critical point of I.

Theorem 3.1 [[31], Theorem 2.2]

Suppose that I C 1 ( X , R ) satisfies the following assumptions:

(I1) X 1 { 0 } andIhas a local linking at 0 with respect to ( X 1 , X 2 ) ; that is, for some M > 0 ,

(I2) Isatisfies ( C ) condition.

(I3) Imaps bounded sets into bounded sets.

(I4) For every n N , I ( u ) as u , u X n 1 X 2 .

ThenIhas at least two critical points.

Remark 3.2 Since I C 1 ( X , R ) , by the condition (I1) of Theorem 3.1, 0 is the critical point of I. Thus, under the conditions of Theorem 3.1, I has at least one nontrivial critical point.

Secondly, we state another three critical point theorems.

Theorem 3.2 ([[32], Theorem 5.29])

LetEbe a Hilbert space with E = E 1 E 2 and E 2 = E 1 . Suppose I C 1 ( E , R ) , satisfies (PS) condition, and

(I5) I ( u ) = 1 2 L u , u + b ( u ) , where L u = L 1 P 1 u + L 2 P 2 u and L κ : E κ E κ is bounded and self-adjoint, κ = 1 , 2 ,

(I6) b is compact, and

(I7) there exist a subspace E ˜ E and sets S E , Q E ˜ and constants α > ω such that

(i) S E 1 and I | S α ,

(ii) Qis bounded and I | Q ω ,

ThenIpossesses a critical value c α .

Theorem 3.3 ([[32], Theorem 9.12])

LetEbe a Banach space. Let I C 1 ( E , R ) be an even functional which satisfies the (PS) condition and I ( 0 ) = 0 . If E = V W , whereVis finite dimensional, andIsatisfies

(I8) there are constants ρ , α > 0 such that I | B ρ W α , where B ρ = { x E : x < ρ } ,

(I9) for each finite dimensional subspace E ˜ E , there is an R = R ( E ˜ ) such that I 0 on E ˜ B R ( E ˜ ) ,

thenIpossesses an unbounded sequence of critical values.

In order to state another critical point theorem, we need the following notions. Let X and Y be Banach spaces with X being separable and reflexive, and set E = X Y . Let S X be a dense subset. For each s S , there is a semi-norm on E defined by

p s : E R , p s ( u ) = | s ( x ) | + y for  u = x + y X Y .

We denote by T S the topology on E induced by a semi-norm family { p s } , and let w and w denote the weak-topology and weak*-topology, respectively.

For a functional Φ C 1 ( E , R ) , we write Φ a = { u E : Φ ( u ) a } . Recall that Φ is said to be weak sequentially continuous if, for any u k u in E, one has lim k Φ ( u k ) v Φ ( u ) v for each v E , i.e., Φ : ( E , w ) ( E , w ) is sequentially continuous. For c R , we say that Φ satisfies the ( C ) c condition if any sequence { u k } E such that Φ ( u k ) c and ( 1 + u k ) Φ ( u k ) 0 as k contains a convergent subsequence.

Suppose that

( Φ 0 ) for any c R , Φ c is T S -closed, and Φ : ( Φ c , T S ) ( E , w ) is continuous;

( Φ 1 ) there exists ρ > 0 such that κ : = inf Φ ( B ρ Y ) > 0 , where

B ρ = { u E : u < ρ } ;

( Φ 2 ) there exist a finite dimensional subspace Y 0 Y and R > ρ such that c ¯ : = sup Φ ( E 0 ) < and sup Φ ( E 0 S 0 ) < inf Φ ( B ρ Y ) , where

E 0 : = X Y 0 , and S 0 = { u E 0 : u R } .

Theorem 3.4 ([33])

Assume that Φ is even and ( Φ 0 )-( Φ 2 ) are satisfied. Then Φ has at least m = dim Y 0 pairs of critical points with critical values less than or equal to c ¯ provided Φ satisfies the ( C ) c condition for all c [ κ , c ¯ ] .

Remark 3.3 In our applications, we take S = X so that T S is the product topology on E = X Y given by the weak topology on X and the strong topology on Y.

### 4 Main results

Lemma 4.1 ϕ is compact on H Δ , T 1 .

Proof Let { u k } H Δ , T 1 be any bounded sequence. Since H Δ , T 1 is a Hilbert space, we can assume that u k u . Theorem 2.5 implies that u k u 0 . By (2.5), we have

The continuity of I i j and this imply that ϕ ( u k ) ϕ ( u ) in H Δ , T 1 . The proof is complete. □

First of all, we give two existence results.

Theorem 4.1Suppose that (A) and the following conditions are satisfied.

(F1) lim | x | F ( t , x ) | x | 2 = + uniformly for Δ-a.e. t [ 0 , T ] T ,

(F2) lim | x | 0 F ( t , x ) | x | 2 = 0 uniformly for Δ-a.e. t [ 0 , T ] T ,

(F3) there exist λ > 2 and β > λ 2 such that

lim sup | x | F ( t , x ) | x | λ < uniformly for   Δ -a.e.   t [ 0 , T ] T

and

lim inf | x | ( F ( t , x ) , x ) 2 F ( t , x ) | x | β > 0 uniformly for   Δ -a.e.   t [ 0 , T ] T ,

(F4) there exists r > 0 such that

F ( t , x ) 0 , | x | r ,   and   Δ   -a.e.   t [ 0 , T ] T ,

(F5) there exist a i j , b i j > 0 and ξ i j [ 0 , 1 ) such that

| I i j ( t ) | a i j + b i j | t | ξ i j for every   t R , i Γ , j Λ ,

(F6) 0 t I i j ( s ) d s 0 for every t R , i Γ , j Λ ,

(F7) there exists ζ i j > 0 such that

2 0 t I i j ( s ) d s I i j ( t ) t 0 for all   i Γ , j Λ   and   | t | ζ i j ,

and

lim t 0 I i j ( t ) t = 0 for all   i Γ , j Λ .

Then problem (1.1) has at least two weak solutions. The one is a nontrivial weak solution, the other is a trivial weak solution.

Proof By Lemma 3.1, φ C 1 ( X , R ) . Set X = H Δ , T 1 , X 1 = H + with ( e n ) n 1 being its Hilbertian basis, X 2 = H H 0 and define

X n 1 = span { e 1 , e 2 , , e n } , n N , X n 2 = X 2 , n N .

Then we have

X 0 1 X 1 1 X 1 , X 0 2 X 1 2 X 2 , X 1 = n N X n 1 ¯ , X 2 = n N X n 2 ¯

and

dim X n 1 < + , dim X n 2 < + , n N .

We divide our proof into four parts in order to show Theorem 4.1.

Firstly, we show that φ satisfies the ( C ) condition.

Let { u α n } be a sequence in H Δ , T 1 such that α n is admissible and

u α n X α n , sup | φ ( u α n ) | < + , ( 1 + u α n ) φ ( u α n ) 0 ,

then there exists a constant C 2 > 0 such that

| φ ( u α n ) | C 2 , ( 1 + u α n ) φ ( u α n ) C 2 (4.1)

for all large n. On the other hand, by (F3), there are constants C 3 > 0 and ρ 1 > 0 such that

F ( t , x ) C 3 | x | λ (4.2)

for all | x | ρ 1 and Δ-a.e. t [ 0 , T ] T . By (A) one has

| F ( t , x ) | max s [ 0 , ρ 1 ] a ( s ) b ( t ) (4.3)

for all | x | ρ 1 and Δ-a.e. t [ 0 , T ] T . It follows from (4.2) and (4.3) that

| F ( t , x ) | max s [ 0 , ρ 1 ] a ( s ) b ( t ) + C 3 | x | λ (4.4)

for all x R N and Δ-a.e. t [ 0 , T ] T . Since d l m L ( [ 0 , T ] ) for all l , m = 1 , 2 , , N , there exists a constant C 4 1 such that

| [ 0 , T ) T ( A σ ( t ) u σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) ) Δ t | C 4 [ 0 , T ) T | u σ ( t ) | 2 Δ t , u H Δ , T 1 . (4.5)

From (F5) and (2.5), we have that

| ϕ ( u ) | j = 1 p i = 1 N 0 | u i ( t j ) | ( a i j + b i j | t | ξ i j ) d t a ¯ p N u + b ¯ j = 1 p i = 1 N u ξ i j + 1 a ¯ p N C 1 u + b ¯ C 1 j = 1 p i = 1 N u ξ i j + 1 (4.6)

for all u H Δ , T 1 , where a ¯ = max i Γ , j Λ { a i j } , b ¯ = max i Γ , j Λ { b i j } . Combining (4.4), (4.5), (4.6) and Hölder’s inequality, we have

1 2 u α n 2 = φ ( u α n ) ϕ ( u α n ) + 1 2 [ 0 , T ) T | u α n σ ( t ) | 2 Δ t + 1 2 [ 0 , T ) T ( A σ ( t ) u α n σ ( t ) , u α n σ ( t ) ) Δ t J ( u α n ) C 2 + a ¯ p N C 1 u α n + b ¯ C 1 j = 1 p i = 1 N u α n ξ i j + 1 + C 4 [ 0 , T ) T | u α n σ ( t ) | 2 Δ t + C 3 [ 0 , T ) T | u α n σ ( t ) | λ Δ t + max s [ 0 , ρ 1 ] a ( s ) [ 0 , T ) T b σ ( t ) Δ t C 2 + a ¯ p N C 1 u α n + b ¯ C 1 j = 1 p i = 1 N u α n ξ i j + 1 + C 4 T λ 2 λ ( [ 0 , T ) T | u α n σ ( t ) | λ Δ t ) 2 λ + C 3 [ 0 , T ) T | u α n σ ( t ) | λ Δ t + C 5 (4.7)

for all large n, where C 5 = max s [ 0 , ρ 1 ] a ( s ) [ 0 , T ) T b σ ( t ) Δ t . On the other hand, by (F3), there exist C 6 > 0 and ρ 2 > 0 such that

( F ( t , x ) , x ) 2 F ( t , x ) C 6 | x | β (4.8)

for all | x | ρ 2 and Δ-a.e. t [ 0 , T ] T . By (A),

| ( F ( t , x ) , x ) 2 F ( t , x ) | C 7 b ( t ) (4.9)

for all | x | ρ 2 and Δ-a.e. t [ 0 , T ] T , where C 7 = ( 2 + ρ 2 ) max s [ 0 , ρ 2 ] a ( s ) . Combining (4.8) and (4.9), one has

( F ( t , x ) , x ) 2 F ( t , x ) C 6 | x | β C 6 ρ 2 β C 7 b ( t ) (4.10)

for all x R N and Δ-a.e. t [ 0 , T ] T . According to (F7), there exists C 8 > 0 such that

2 0 t I i j ( s ) d s I i j ( t ) t C 8 for all  i Γ , j Λ  and  t R . (4.11)

Thus, by (4.1), (4.10) and (4.11), we obtain

3 C 2 2 φ ( u α n ) φ ( u α n ) , u α n = 2 ϕ ( u α n ) ϕ ( u α n ) , u α n + [ 0 , T ) T [ ( F ( σ ( t ) , u α n σ ( t ) ) , u α n σ ( t ) ) 2 F ( σ ( t ) , u α n σ ( t ) ) ] Δ t = j = 1 p i = 1 N ( 2 0 u α n i ( t j ) I i j ( t ) d t I i j ( u α n i ( t j ) ) u α n i ( t j ) ) + [ 0 , T ) T [ ( F ( σ ( t ) , u α n σ ( t ) ) , u α n σ ( t ) ) 2 F ( σ ( t ) , u α n σ ( t ) ) ] Δ t p N C 8 + C 6 [ 0 , T ) T | u α n σ | β Δ t C 6 ρ 2 β T C 7 [ 0 , T ) T b σ ( t ) Δ t (4.12)

for all large n. From (4.12), [ 0 , T ) T | u α n σ | β Δ t is bounded. If β > λ , by Hölder’s inequality, we have

[ 0 , T ) T | u α n σ ( t ) | λ Δ t T β λ β ( [ 0 , T ) T | u α n σ ( t ) | β Δ t ) λ β . (4.13)

Since ξ i j [ 0 , 1 ) for all i Γ , j Λ , by (4.7) and (4.13), { u α n } is bounded in H Δ , T 1 . If β λ , by (2.5), we obtain

[ 0 , T ) T | u α n σ ( t ) | λ Δ t = [ 0 , T ) T | u α n σ ( t ) | β | u α n σ ( t ) | λ β Δ t u α n λ β [ 0 , T ) T | u α n σ ( t ) | β Δ t C 1 λ β u α n λ β [ 0 , T ) T | u α n σ ( t ) | β Δ t . (4.14)

Since ξ i j [ 0 , 1 ) , λ β < 2 , by (4.7) and (4.14), { u α n } is also bounded in H Δ , T 1 . Hence, { u α n } is also bounded in H Δ , T 1 . Going if necessary to a subsequence, we can assume that u α n u in H Δ , T 1 . From Theorem 2.5, we have u α n u 0 and [ 0 , T ) T | u α n σ ( t ) u σ ( t ) | 2 Δ t 0 . Since

This implies [ 0 , T ) T | u α n Δ ( t ) u Δ ( t ) | 2 Δ t 0 , and hence u α n u 0 . Therefore, u α n u in H Δ , T 1 . Hence φ satisfies the ( C ) condition.

Secondly, we show that φ maps bounded sets into bounded sets.

It follows from (3.2), (4.4), (4.5) and (4.6) that

| φ ( u ) | = 1 2 [ 0 , T ) T | u Δ ( t ) | 2 Δ t + j = 1 p i = 1 N 0 u i ( t j ) I i j ( t ) d t 1 2 [ 0 , T ) T ( A σ ( t ) u σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) ) Δ t + J ( u ) 1 2 [ 0 , T ) T | u Δ ( t ) | 2 Δ t + C 4 2 [ 0 , T ) T | u σ ( t ) | 2 Δ t + a ¯ p N C 1 u + b ¯ C 1 j = 1 p i = 1 N u ξ i j + 1 + C 3 [ 0 , T ) T | u σ ( t ) | λ Δ t + max s [ 0 , ρ 1 ] a ( s ) [ 0 , T ) T b σ ( t ) Δ t 1 2 C 4 u 2 + a ¯ p N C 1 u + b ¯ C 1 j = 1 p i = 1 N u ξ i j + 1 + C 3 T u λ + C 5 1 2 C 4 u 2 + a ¯ p N C 1 u + b ¯ C 1 j = 1 p i = 1 N u ξ i j + 1 + C 3 T C 1 λ u λ + C 5

for all u H Δ , T 1 . Thus, φ maps bounded sets into bounded sets.

Thirdly, we claim that φ has a local linking at 0 with respect to ( X 1 , X 2 ) .

Applying (F2), for ϵ 1 = δ 4 , there exists ρ 3 > 0 such that

| F ( t , x ) | ϵ 1 | x | 2 (4.15)

for all | x | ρ 3 and Δ-a.e. t [ 0 , T ] T . By (F7), for ϵ 2 = δ 4 p N C 1 , there exists ρ 4 > 0 such that

| I i j ( t ) | ϵ 2 | t | , | t | ρ 4 , i Γ , j Λ . (4.16)

Let ρ 5 = min { ρ 3 , ρ 4 } . For u X 1 with u r 1 ρ 5 C 1 , by (2.5), (3.2), (3.6), (4.15) and (4.16), we have

φ ( u ) = q ( u ) + j = 1 p i = 1 N 0 u i ( t j ) I i j ( t ) d t [ 0 , T ) T F ( σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) ) Δ t δ u 2 j = 1 p i = 1 N 0 | u i ( t j ) | | I i j ( t ) | d t ϵ 1 [ 0 , T ) T | u σ ( t ) | 2 Δ t δ u 2 j = 1 p i = 1 N 0 | u i ( t j ) | ϵ 2 | t | d t ϵ 1 [ 0 , T ) T | u σ ( t ) | 2 Δ t δ u 2 ϵ 2 j = 1 p i = 1 N u 2 ϵ 1 [ 0 , T ) T | u σ ( t ) | 2 Δ t δ u 2 ϵ 2 p N C 1 u 2 ϵ 1 u 2 δ u 2 δ 4 u 2 δ 4 u 2 = δ 2 u 2 .

This implies that

φ ( u ) 0 , u X 1  with  u r 1 .

On the other hand, it follows from (F6) that

ϕ ( u ) 0 (4.17)

for all u H Δ , T 1 . Let u = u + u 0 X 2 satisfy u r 2 r C 1 . Using (F4), (2.5), (3.2), (3.5) and (4.17), we obtain

φ ( u ) = q ( u ) + ϕ ( u ) [ 0 , T ) T F ( σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) ) Δ t δ u 2 [ 0 , T ) T F ( σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) ) Δ t δ u 2 .

This implies that

φ ( u ) 0 , u X 2  with  u r 2 .

Let M = min { r 1 , r 2 } . Then φ satisfies the condition ( I 1 ) of Theorem 3.1.

Finally, we claim that for every n N ,

φ ( u ) as  u , u X n 1 X 2 .

For given n N , since X n 1 X 2 is a finite dimensional space, there exists C 9 > 0 such that

u C 9 u L 2 , u X n 1 X 2 . (4.18)

By (F1), there exists ρ 6 > 0 such that

F ( t , x ) C 9 2 ( C 4 + δ ) | x | 2 (4.19)

for all | x | ρ 6 and Δ-a.e. t [ 0 , T ] T . From (A), we get

| F ( t , x ) | max s [ 0 , ρ 6 ] a ( s ) b ( t ) (4.20)

for all | x | ρ 6 and Δ-a.e. t [ 0 , T ] T . Equations (4.19) and (4.20) imply that

F ( t , x ) C 9 2 ( C 4 + δ ) | x | 2 C 10 max s [ 0 , ρ 6 ] a ( s ) b ( t ) (4.21)

for all x R N and Δ-a.e. t [ 0 , T ] T , where C 10 = C 9 2 ( C 4 + δ ) ρ 6 2 . Using (3.2), (3.6), (4.5), (4.17), (4.18) and (4.21), we have, for u = u + + u 0 + u X n 1 X 2 = X n 1 H 0 H ,

φ ( u ) = 1 2 [ 0 , T ) T | u Δ ( t ) | 2 Δ t + j = 1 p i = 1 N 0 u i ( t j ) I i j ( t ) d t 1 2 [ 0 , T ) T ( A σ ( t ) u σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) ) Δ t [ 0 , T ) T F ( σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) ) Δ t δ u 2 + 1 2 [ 0 , T ) T | ( u + ) Δ ( t ) | 2 Δ t 1 2 [ 0 , T ) T ( A σ ( t ) ( u + ) σ ( t ) , ( u + ) σ ( t ) ) Δ t [ 0 , T ) T F ( σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) ) Δ t δ u 2 + 1 2 [ 0 , T ) T | ( u + ) Δ ( t ) | 2 Δ t + C 4 2 [ 0 , T ) T | ( u + ) σ ( t ) | 2 Δ t [ 0 , T ) T F ( σ ( t ) , u σ ( t ) ) Δ t δ u 2 + C 4 2 u + 2 C 9 2 ( C 4 + δ ) u σ L 2 2 + C 10 T + max s [ 0 , ρ 6 ] a ( s ) [ 0 , T ) T b σ ( t ) Δ t δ u 2 + C 4 u + 2 ( C 4 + δ ) u 2 + C 10 T + C 11 = δ u 2 + C 4 u + 2 ( C 4 + δ ) u + + u 0 + u 2 + C 10 T + C 11 δ u 2 + C 4 u + 2 ( C 4 + δ ) u + 2 δ u 0 + u 2 + C 10 T + C 11 δ u 2 + C 4 u + 2 ( C 4 + δ ) u + 2 δ u 0 2 + C 10 T + C 11 = δ u 2 + C 10 T + C 11 ,

where C 11 = max s [ 0 , ρ 6 ] a ( s ) [ 0 , T ) T b σ ( t ) Δ t . Hence, for every n N , φ ( u ) as u and X n 1 X 2 .

Thus, by Theorem 3.1, problem (1.1) has at least one nontrivial weak solution. The proof is complete. □

Example 4.1 Let T = R , T = π 2 , N = 1 , t 1 = π 4 . Consider the second-order Hamiltonian system with impulsive effects

{ u ¨ ( t ) + A ( t ) u ( t ) + F ( t , x ) = 0 , a.e.  t [ 0 , π 2 ] ; u ( 0 ) u ( π 2