# Existence of anti-periodic solutions for second-order ordinary differential equations involving the Fučík spectrum

Xin Zhao1 and Xiaojun Chang2*

Author Affiliations

1 College of Information Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, P.R. China

2 College of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China

For all author emails, please log on.

Boundary Value Problems 2012, 2012:149  doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2012-149

 Received: 20 July 2012 Accepted: 20 September 2012 Published: 21 December 2012

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

### Abstract

In this paper, we study the existence of anti-periodic solutions for a second-order ordinary differential equation. Using the interaction of the nonlinearity with the Fučík spectrum related to the anti-periodic boundary conditions, we apply the Leray-Schauder degree theory and the Borsuk theorem to establish new results on the existence of anti-periodic solutions of second-order ordinary differential equations. Our nonlinearity may cross multiple consecutive branches of the Fučík spectrum curves, and recent results in the literature are complemented and generalized.

##### Keywords:
anti-periodic solutions; Fučík spectrum; Leray-Schauder degree theory; Borsuk theorem

### 1 Introduction and main results

In this paper, we study the existence of anti-periodic solutions for the following second-order ordinary differential equation:

x = f ( t , x ) , (1.1)

where f C ( R 2 , R ) , f ( t + T 2 , s ) = f ( t , s ) , t , s R and T is a positive constant. A function x ( t ) is called an anti-periodic solution of (1.1) if x ( t ) satisfies (1.1) and x ( t + T 2 ) = x ( t ) for all t R . Note that to obtain anti-periodic solutions of (1.1), it suffices to find solutions of the following anti-periodic boundary value problem:

{ x = f ( t , x ) , x ( i ) ( 0 ) = x ( i ) ( T 2 ) , i = 0 , 1 . (1.2)

In what follows, we will consider problem (1.2) directly.

The problem of the existence of solutions of (1.1) under various boundary conditions has been widely investigated in the literature and many results have been obtained (see [1-13]). Usually, the asymptotic interaction of the ratio f ( t , s ) s with the Fučík spectrum of x under various boundary conditions was required as a nonresonance condition to obtain the solvability of equation (1.1). Recall that the Fučík spectrum of x with an anti-periodic boundary condition is the set of real number pairs ( λ + , λ ) R 2 such that the problem

{ x = λ + x + λ x , x ( i ) ( 0 ) = x ( i ) ( T 2 ) , i = 0 , 1 (1.3)

has nontrivial solutions, where x + = max { 0 , x } , x = max { 0 , x } ; while the concept of Fučík spectrum was firstly introduced in the 1970s by Fučík [14] and Dancer [15] independently under the periodic boundary condition. Since the work of Fonda [6], some investigation has been devoted to the nonresonance condition of (1.1) by studying the asymptotic interaction of the ratio 2 F ( t , s ) s 2 , where F ( t , s ) = 0 s f ( t , τ ) d τ , with the spectrum of x under different boundary conditions; for instance, see [10] for the periodic boundary condition, [16] for the two-point boundary condition. Note that

lim inf s ± f ( t , s ) s lim inf s ± 2 F ( t , s ) s 2 lim sup s ± 2 F ( t , s ) s 2 lim sup s ± f ( t , s ) s ,

we can see that the conditions on the ratio 2 F ( t , s ) s 2 are more general than those on the ratio f ( t , s ) s . In fact, by using the asymptotic interaction of the ratio 2 F ( t , s ) s 2 with the spectrum of x , the ratio f ( t , s ) s can cross multiple spectrum curves of x . In this paper, we are interested in the nonresonance condition on the ratio 2 F ( t , s ) s 2 for the solvability of (1.1) involving the Fučík spectrum of x under the anti-periodic boundary condition.

Note that the study of anti-periodic solutions for nonlinear differential equations is closely related to the study of periodic solutions. In fact, since f ( t , s ) = f ( t + T 2 , s ) = f ( t + T , s ) , x ( t ) is a T-periodic solution of (1.1) if x ( t ) is a T 2 -anti-periodic solution of (1.1). Many results on the periodic solutions of (1.1) have been worked out. For some recent work, one can see [2-5,8-10,17]. As special periodic solutions, the existence of anti-periodic solutions plays a key role in characterizing the behavior of nonlinear differential equations coming from some models in applied sciences. During the last thirty years, anti-periodic problems of nonlinear differential equations have been extensively studied since the pioneering work by Okochi [18]. For example, in [19], anti-periodic trigonometric polynomials are used to investigate the interpolation problems, and anti-periodic wavelets are studied in [20]. Also, some existence results of ordinary differential equations are presented in [17,21-24]. Anti-periodic boundary conditions for partial differential equations and abstract differential equations are considered in [25-32]. For recent developments involving the existence of anti-periodic solutions, one can also see [33-35] and the references therein.

Denote by Σ the Fuc̆ík spectrum of the operator x under the anti-periodic boundary condition. Simple computation implies that Σ = m = 1 + Σ m , where

Σ m = { ( λ + , λ ) R 2 : ( m + 1 ) π λ + + m π λ = T 2  or  m π λ + + ( m + 1 ) π λ = T 2 , m N } .

It is easily seen that the set Σ can be seen as a subset of the Fuc̆ík spectrum of x under the corresponding Dirichlet boundary condition; one can see the definition of the set Σ 2 i + 1 , i N , or Figure 1 in [12]. Without loss of generality, we assume that φ m is an eigenfunction of (1.3) corresponding to ( λ + , λ ) Σ m such that φ m ( 0 ) = 0 and φ m ( 0 ) = a R { 0 } . Denote Σ m , 1 = { ( λ + , λ ) R 2 : ( m + 1 ) π λ + + m π λ = T 2 , m Z + } and Σ m , 2 = { ( λ + , λ ) R 2 : m π λ + + ( m + 1 ) π λ = T 2 , m Z + } . Then if a > 0 , we obtain only a one-dimensional function φ m , denoted by φ m , 1 , corresponding to the point ( λ + , λ ) Σ m , 1 , and if a < 0 , we obtain only a one-dimensional function φ m , denoted by φ m , 2 , corresponding to the point ( λ + , λ ) Σ m , 2 .

In this paper, together with the Leray-Schauder degree theory and the Borsuk theorem, we obtain new existence results of anti-periodic solutions of (1.1) when the nonlinearity f ( t , s ) is asymptotically linear in s at infinity and the ratio F ( t , s ) s 2 stays asymptotically at infinity in some rectangular domain between Fučík spectrum curves Σ m and Σ m + 1 .

Our main result is as follows.

Theorem 1.1Assume that f C ( R 2 , R ) , f ( t + T 2 , s ) = f ( t , s ) . If the following conditions:

(i) There exist positive constantsρ, C 1 , Msuch that

ρ f ( t , s ) s C 1 , t R , | s | M ; (1.4)

(ii) There exist connect subset Γ R 2 Σ , constants p 1 , q 1 , p 2 , q 2 > 0 and a point of the type ( λ , λ ) R 2 such that

( λ , λ ) [ p 1 , q 1 ] × [ p 2 , q 2 ] Γ (1.5)

and

hold uniformly for all t R ,

then (1.1) admits a T 2 -anti-periodic solution.

In particular, if λ + = λ , then problem (1.3) becomes the following linear eigenvalue problem:

{ x = λ x , x ( i ) ( 0 ) = x ( i ) ( T 2 ) , i = 0 , 1 . (1.6)

Simple computation implies that the operator x with the anti-periodic boundary condition has a sequence of eigenvalues λ m = 4 ( 2 m 1 ) 2 π 2 T 2 , m Z + , and the corresponding eigenspace is two-dimensional.

Corollary 1.2Assume that f C ( R 2 , R ) , f ( t , s ) = f ( t + T 2 , s ) . If (1.4) holds and there exist constantsp, qand m Z + such that

4 ( 2 m 1 ) 2 π 2 T 2 < p lim inf | s | + 2 F ( t , s ) s 2 lim sup | s | + 2 F ( t , s ) s 2 q < 4 ( 2 m + 1 ) 2 π 2 T 2

holds uniformly for all t R , then (1.1) admits a T 2 -anti-periodic solution.

Remark It is well known that (1.1) has a T 2 -anti-periodic solution if

lim sup | s | + f ( t , s ) s σ 1 < 4 π 2 T 2 = λ 1 , t R ,

for some σ 1 > 0 (see Theorem 3.1 in [22]), which implies that the ratio f ( t , s ) s stays at infinity asymptotically below the first eigenvalue λ 1 of (1.6). In this paper, this requirement on the ratio f ( t , s ) s can be relaxed to (1.4), with some additional restrictions imposed on the ratio 2 F ( t , s ) s 2 . In fact, the conditions relative to the ratios f ( t , s ) s and 2 F ( t , s ) s 2 as in Theorem 1.1 and Corollary 1.2 may lead to that the ratio f ( t , s ) s oscillates and crosses multiple consecutive eigenvalues or branches of the Fučík spectrum curves of the operator x . In what follows, we give an example to show this.

Denote λ m = 4 ( 2 m 1 ) 2 π 2 T 2 for some positive integer m 1 . Define

f ( t , s ) = cos ( 2 π T t ) + λ m + λ m + 1 2 s + ( λ m + λ m + 1 2 δ ) s cos s , t R , s R ,

where δ ( 0 , λ 1 100 ) . Clearly,

f ( t + T 2 , s ) = cos [ 2 π T ( t + T 2 ) ] [ λ m + λ m + 1 2 s + ( λ m + λ m + 1 2 δ ) s cos s ] = f ( t , s ) .

for all t R , s R , which imply that

(1.7)

(1.8)

for all t R . It is obvious that (1.7) implies that the assumption (i) of Theorem 1.1 holds. Take p 1 = λ m + λ m + 1 2 σ 1 , p 2 = λ m + λ m + 1 2 + σ 1 , q 1 = λ m + λ m + 1 2 σ 2 , q 2 = λ m + λ m + 1 2 σ 2 such that [ p 1 , p 2 ] × [ q 1 , q 2 ] R 2 Σ . Then (1.8) implies that the assumption (ii) of Theorem 1.1 holds. Thus, by Theorem 1.1 we can obtain a T 2 -anti-periodic solution of equation (1.1). Here the ratio 2 F ( t , s ) s 2 stays at infinity in the rectangular domain [ p 1 , p 2 ] × [ q 1 , q 2 ] between Fučík spectrum curves Σ m and Σ m + 1 , while the ratio f ( t , s ) s can cross at infinity multiple Fučík spectrum curves Σ 1 , Σ 2 , , Σ m + 1 .

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, some necessary preliminaries are presented. In Section 3, we give the proof of Theorem 1.1.

### 2 Preliminaries

Assume that T > 0 . Define

For x C T 2 k , we can write the Fourier series expansion as follows:

x ( t ) = i = 0 [ a 2 i + 1 cos 2 π ( 2 i + 1 ) t T + b 2 i + 1 sin 2 π ( 2 i + 1 ) t T ] .

Define an operator J : C T 2 k C T 2 k + 1 by

( J x ) ( t ) = 0 t x ( s ) d s T 2 π i = 0 b 2 i + 1 2 i + 1 = T 2 π i = 0 [ a 2 i + 1 2 i + 1 sin 2 π ( 2 i + 1 ) t T b 2 i + 1 2 i + 1 cos 2 π ( 2 i + 1 ) t T ] .

Clearly,

d J x ( t ) d t = x ( t ) , ( J x ) ( 0 ) = T 2 π i = 0 b 2 i + 1 2 i + 1 ,

which implies that

d 2 ( J 2 x ( t ) ) d t 2 = x ( t ) . (2.1)

Furthermore, we obtain

| J x ( t ) | 0 T | x ( s ) | d s + T 2 π i = 0 | b 2 i + 1 | 2 i + 1 T x C k + T 2 π ( i = 0 b 2 i + 1 2 ) 1 2 ( i = 0 1 ( 2 i + 1 ) 2 ) 1 2 .

Note that

( i = 0 1 ( 2 i + 1 ) 2 ) 1 2 = π 2 2 ,

using the Parseval equality 0 T | x ( s ) | 2 d s = T 2 i = 0 [ a 2 i + 1 2 + b 2 i + 1 2 ] , we get

| J x ( t ) | T x C k + T 4 2 i = 0 [ a 2 i + 1 2 + b 2 i + 1 2 ] T x C k + T 4 2 2 T 0 T | x ( s ) | 2 d s 5 T 4 x C k , t [ 0 , T ] ,

which implies that the operator J is continuous. In view of the Arzela-Ascoli theorem, it is easy to see that J is completely continuous.

Denote by deg the Leray-Schauder degree. We need the following results.

Lemma 2.1 ([[36], p.58])

Let Ω be a bounded open region in a real Banach spaceX. Assume that K : Ω ¯ R is completely continuous and p ( I K ) ( Ω ) . Then the equation ( I K ) ( x ) = p has a solution in Ω if deg ( I K , Ω , p ) 0 .

Lemma 2.2 ([[36], Borsuk theorem, p.58])

Assume thatXis a real Banach space. Let Ω be a symmetric bounded open region with θ Ω . Assume that K : Ω ¯ R is completely continuous and odd with θ ( I K ) ( Ω ) . Then deg ( I K , Ω , θ ) is odd.

### 3 Proof of Theorem 1.1

Proof of Theorem 1.1 Consider the following homotopy problem:

(3.1)

(3.2)

where ( λ , λ ) [ p 1 , p 2 ] × [ q 1 , q 2 ] , μ [ 0 , 1 ] .

We first prove that the set of all possible solutions of problem (3.1)-(3.2) is bounded. Assume by contradiction that there exist a sequence of number { μ n } [ 0 , 1 ] and corresponding solutions { x n } of (3.1)-(3.2) such that

x n C 1 + . (3.3)

Set z n = x n x n C 1 . Obviously, z n C 1 = 1 and z n satisfies

(3.4)

(3.5)

By (1.4), (3.3) and the fact that f is continuous, there exist n 0 Z + , C 1 > 0 such that

| f ( t , x n ) | x n C 1 = | f ( t , x n ) x n | | x n | x n C 1 C 1 for  n n 0 .

In view of μ n [ 0 , 1 ] , together with the choice of ( λ , λ ) , it follows that there exists M 1 > 0 such that, for all n n 0 ,

| z n ( t ) | M 1 , t [ 0 , T ] .

It is easily seen that { z n ( t ) } and { z n ( t ) } are uniformly bounded and equicontinuous on [ 0 , T ] . Then, using the Arzela-Ascoli theorem, there exist uniformly convergent subsequences on [ 0 , T ] for { z n ( t ) } and { z n ( t ) } respectively, which are still denoted as { z n ( t ) } and { z n ( t ) } , such that

lim n z n ( t ) = z ( t ) , lim n z n ( t ) = z ( t ) . (3.6)

Clearly, z C 1 = 1 . Since x n ( t ) is a solution of (3.1)-(3.2), for each n, we get

0 T x n ( t ) d t = 0 T 2 x n ( t ) d t + 0 T 2 x n ( t + T 2 ) d t = 0 ,

which implies that there exists t n [ 0 , T ] such that x n ( t n ) = 0 . Then

lim n z n ( t n ) = lim n x n ( t n ) x n C 1 = 0 . (3.7)

Owing to that the sequences { t n } and { μ n } are uniformly bounded, there exist t 0 [ 0 , T ] and μ 0 [ 0 , 1 ] such that, passing to subsequences if possible,

lim n t n = t 0 , lim n μ n = μ 0 . (3.8)

Multiplying both sides of (3.4) by z n ( t ) and integrating from t n to t, we get

Taking a superior limit as n , by (3.3) and (3.6)-(3.8), we obtain

[ z ( t 0 ) ] 2 [ z ( t ) ] 2 = μ 0 lim sup n 2 F ( t , x n ( t ) ) x n 2 ( t ) z 2 ( t ) + ( 1 μ 0 ) λ z 2 ( t ) .

By the assumption (ii) and the choice of λ, if z ( t ) > 0 , we have

[ z ( t 0 ) ] 2 [ z ( t ) ] 2 p 2 z 2 ( t ) .

Similarly, we obtain

Note that z ( t ) C 1 [ 0 , T ] , the above inequalities can be rewritten as the following equivalent forms:

(3.9)

(3.10)

It is easy to see that z ( t 0 ) 0 . In fact, if not, in view of (3.7)-(3.10), we get z ( t ) = 0 , z ( t ) = 0 , t [ 0 , T ] , which is contrary to z C 1 = 1 .

We claim that z ( t ) has only finite zero points on [ 0 , T ] . In fact, if not, we may assume that there are infinitely many zero points { ζ i } [ 0 , T ] of z ( t ) . Without loss of generality, we assume that there exists ζ 0 [ 0 , T ] such that lim i ζ i = ζ 0 . Letting t = ζ i in (3.9)-(3.10) and taking i , we can obtain that z ( ζ 0 ) 0 . Without loss of generality, we assume that z ( ζ 0 ) > 0 . Since z ( t ) is continuous, there exist η , δ > 0 such that z ( t ) η > 0 , t [ t 0 δ , t 0 + δ ] . Then there exists n 1 > 0 such that, if n > n 1 , we have

z n ( t ) η , t [ t 0 δ , t 0 + δ ] . (3.11)

Clearly, z n ( t ) = 0 , t [ t 0 δ , t 0 + δ ] . Take ζ , ζ [ t 0 δ , t 0 + δ ] with ζ < ζ such that z ( ζ ) = z ( ζ ) = 0 . Integrating (3.4) from ζ to ζ ,

z n ( ζ ) z n ( ζ ) = μ n 1 x n C 1 ζ ζ f ( t , x n ( s ) ) d s + ( 1 μ n ) ζ ζ λ z n ( s ) d s . (3.12)

By (3.3), (3.11), we obtain

x n ( t ) = z n ( t ) x n C 1 η x n C 1 + as  n +

holds uniformly for t [ ζ , ζ ] . Thus, using (1.4), we get

f ( t , x n ( t ) ) x n ( t ) ρ , t [ ζ , ζ ] ,

which implies that

f ( t , x n ( t ) ) x n C 1 = f ( t , x n ( t ) ) x n ( t ) z n ( t ) ρ η > 0 , t [ ζ , ζ ] .

Then, together with (3.6), (3.8) and (3.12), we obtain

0 μ 0 ρ η ( ζ ζ ) + ( 1 μ 0 ) λ η ( ζ ζ ) > 0 ,

Now, we show that (3.9)-(3.10) has only a trivial anti-periodic solution. In fact, if not, we assume that (3.9)-(3.10) has a nontrivial anti-periodic solution z ¯ ( t ) . Without loss of generality, we assume t 0 = 0 . Firstly, we consider the case that z ¯ ( 0 ) > 0 . Assume that z 1 , z 2 satisfy the following equations respectively:

(3.13)

(3.14)

with

(3.15)

(3.16)

Take t 1 as the first zero point of z ¯ ( t ) on ( 0 , T ] . Then by (3.13)-(3.16) it follows that

z 1 ( t ) z ¯ ( t ) z 2 ( t ) , t [ 0 , t 1 ] . (3.17)

In fact, by (3.15)-(3.16) and the fact that z ¯ , z 1 , z 2 are continuous differential, it is easy to see that there exists sufficiently small ϵ ( 0 , t 1 ) such that

If there is t ¯ ( ϵ , t 1 ) such that z ¯ ( t ¯ ) = z 1 ( t ) , then comparing (3.9) with (3.13), we can obtain that z ¯ ( t ¯ ) z 1 ( t ¯ ) , which implies that if t > t ¯ , we have z ¯ ( t ¯ ) z 1 ( t ¯ ) . Then z ¯ ( t ) z 1 ( t ) for t ( 0 , t 1 ] . Similarly, we have z ¯ ( t ) z 2 ( t ) , t [ 0 , t 1 ] . Hence, (3.17) holds.

Similarly, if z 1 , z 2 satisfy

(3.18)

(3.19)

and

then we obtain

z 1 ( t ) z ¯ ( t ) z 2 ( t ) , t [ t 1 , t 2 ] ,

where t 2 is the first zero point on ( t 1 , T ) .

Since z ( t ) has finite zero points, (3.13), (3.14), (3.18), (3.19) can be transformed into the following equations respectively:

(3.20)

(3.21)

Then there exist A , B , C , D > 0 such that

It is easy to get

Since z ¯ is anti-periodic and z ¯ ( 0 ) > 0 , there exists m Z + such that

( m + 1 ) π q 2 + m π p 2 t m = T 2 ( m + 1 ) π q 1 + m π p 1 ,

which implies that there exists a real number pair ( p , q ) [ p 1 , p 2 ] × [ q 1 , q 2 ] such that

( m + 1 ) π q + m π p = T 2 . (3.22)

On the other hand, in view of the assumption (ii), by the definition of Σ and ( p , q ) [ p 1 , p 2 ] × [ q 1 , q 2 ] , it follows that

( m + 1 ) π p + m π q T 2 , m Z + ,

which is contrary to (3.22).

If z ¯ ( 0 ) < 0 , then by the assumption (ii), we can obtain a contradiction using similar arguments.

In a word, we can see that there exists C > 0 independent of μ such that

x C 1 C . (3.23)

Set

Ω = { x C T 2 1 : x C 1 < C + 1 } .

Clearly, Ω is a bounded open set in C T 2 1 . Note that, for x C T 2 1 , using the assumption on f, we obtain

which implies that φ C T 2 0 .

Define G μ : Ω ¯ C T 2 2 by

G μ ( x ( t ) ) = J 2 φ ( μ , t , x ( t ) ) .

Clearly, G μ is completely continuous, and by (2.1) and (3.1) it follows that the fixed point of G 1 in Ω ¯ is the anti-periodic solution of problem (1.1). Define the homotopy H : Ω ¯ × [ 0 , 1 ] C T 2 1 as follows:

H ( x , μ ) = x G μ ( x ) .

In view of (3.23), it follows that

H ( x , μ ) 0 , ( x , μ ) Ω × [ 0 , 1 ] .

Hence,

deg ( I G 1 , Ω , 0 ) = deg ( I G 0 , Ω , 0 ) .

Note that the operator G 0 is odd. By Lemma 2.2 it follows that deg ( I G 0 , Ω , 0 ) 0 . Thus,

deg ( I G 1 , Ω , 0 ) 0 .

Now, using Lemma 2.1, we can see that (1.2) has a solution and hence (1.1) has a T 2 -anti-periodic solution. The proof is complete. □

### Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

### Authors’ contributions

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

### Acknowledgements

The authors sincerely thank Prof. Yong Li for his instructions and many invaluable suggestions. This work was supported financially by NSFC Grant (11101178), NSFJP Grant (201215184), and the 985 Program of Jilin University.

### References

1. Bravo, JL, Torres, PJ: Periodic solutions of a singular equation with indefinite weight. Adv. Nonlinear Stud.. 10, 927–938 (2010)

2. Chu, J, Fan, N, Torres, PJ: Periodic solutions for second order singular damped differential equations. J. Math. Anal. Appl.. 388, 665–675 (2012). Publisher Full Text

3. Chu, J, Torres, PJ: Applications of Schauder’s fixed point theorem to singular differential equations. Bull. Lond. Math. Soc.. 39, 653–660 (2007). Publisher Full Text

4. Chu, J, Torres, PJ, Zhang, M: Periodic solutions of second order non-autonomous singular dynamical systems. J. Differ. Equ.. 239, 196–212 (2007). Publisher Full Text

5. Chu, J, Zhang, Z: Periodic solutions of singular differential equations with sign-changing potential. Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.. 82, 437–445 (2010). Publisher Full Text

6. Fonda, A: On the existence of periodic solutions for scalar second order differential equations when only the asymptotic behaviour of the potential is known. Proc. Am. Math. Soc.. 119, 439–445 (1993). Publisher Full Text

7. Habets, P, Omari, P, Zanolin, F: Nonresonance conditions on the potential with respect to the Fučík spectrum for the periodic boundary value problem. Rocky Mt. J. Math.. 25, 1305–1340 (1995). Publisher Full Text

8. Halk, R, Torres, PJ: On periodic solutions of second-order differential equations with attractive-repulsive singularities. J. Differ. Equ.. 248, 111–126 (2010). PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

9. Halk, R, Torres, PJ, Zamora, M: Periodic solutions of singular second order differential equations: the repulsive case. Topol. Methods Nonlinear Anal.. 39, 199–220 (2012)

10. Liu, W, Li, Y: Existence of 2π-periodic solutions for the non-dissipative Duffing equation under asymptotic behaviors of potential function. Z. Angew. Math. Phys.. 57, 1–11 (2006)

11. Omari, P, Zanolin, F: Nonresonance conditions on the potential for a second-order periodic boundary value problem. Proc. Am. Math. Soc.. 117, 125–135 (1993). Publisher Full Text

12. Tomiczek, P: Potential Landesman-Lazer type conditions and the Fučík spectrum. Electron. J. Differ. Equ.. 2005, (2005) Article ID 94

13. Zhang, M: Nonresonance conditions for asymptotically positively homogeneous differential systems: the Fučík spectrum and its generalization. J. Differ. Equ.. 145, 332–366 (1998). Publisher Full Text

14. Fučík, S: Boundary value problems with jumping nonlinearities. Čas. Pěst. Mat.. 101, 69–87 (1976)

15. Dancer, EN: Boundary-value problems for weakly nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.. 15, 321–328 (1976). Publisher Full Text

16. Marcos, A: Nonresonance conditions on the potential for a semilinear Dirichlet problem. Nonlinear Anal.. 70, 335–351 (2009). Publisher Full Text

17. Gao, E, Song, S, Zhang, X: Solving singular second-order initial/boundary value problems in reproducing kernel Hilbert space. Bound. Value Probl.. 2012, (2012) Article ID 3

18. Okochi, H: On the existence of periodic solutions to nonlinear abstract parabolic equations. J. Math. Soc. Jpn.. 40, 541–553 (1988). Publisher Full Text

19. Delvos, FJ, Knoche, L: Lacunary interpolation by antiperiodic trigonometric polynomials. BIT Numer. Math.. 39, 439–450 (1999). Publisher Full Text

20. Chen, H: Antiperiodic wavelets. J. Comput. Math.. 14, 32–39 (1996)

21. Chen, Y: Note on Massera’s theorem on anti-periodic solution. Adv. Math. Sci. Appl.. 9, 125–128 (1999)

22. Chen, T, Liu, W, Yang, C: Antiperiodic solutions for Liénard-type differential equation with p-Laplacian operator. Bound. Value Probl.. 2010, (2010) Article ID 194824

23. Chen, T, Liu, W, Zhang, J, Zhang, H: Anti-periodic solutions for higher-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations. J. Korean Math. Soc.. 47, 573–583 (2010). Publisher Full Text

24. Chen, Y, Nieto, JJ, O’Regan, D: Anti-periodic solutions for fully nonlinear first-order differential equations. Math. Comput. Model.. 46, 1183–1190 (2007). Publisher Full Text

25. Aizicovici, S, McKibben, M, Reich, S: Anti-periodic solutions to nonmonotone evolution equations with discontinuous nonlinearities. Nonlinear Anal.. 43, 233–251 (2001). Publisher Full Text

26. Chen, Y, Nieto, JJ, O’Regan, D: Anti-periodic solutions for evolution equations associated with maximal monotone mappings. Appl. Math. Lett.. 24, 302–307 (2011). Publisher Full Text

27. Chen, Y, O’Regan, D, Agarwal, RP: Anti-periodic solutions for semilinear evolution equations in Banach spaces. J. Appl. Math. Comput.. 38, 63–70 (2012). Publisher Full Text

28. Ji, S: Time-periodic solutions to a nonlinear wave equation with periodic or anti-periodic boundary conditions. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A. 465, 895–913 (2009). Publisher Full Text

29. Ji, S, Li, Y: Time periodic solutions to one dimensional wave equation with periodic or anti-periodic boundary conditions. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., Sect. A, Math.. 137, 349–371 (2007). Publisher Full Text

30. Liu, Z: Anti-periodic solutions to nonlinear evolution equations. J. Funct. Anal.. 258, 2026–2033 (2010). Publisher Full Text

31. Nakao, M: Existence of anti-periodic solution for the quasilinear wave equation with viscosity. J. Math. Anal. Appl.. 204, 754–764 (1996). Publisher Full Text

32. N’Guérékata, GM, Valmorin, V: Antiperiodic solutions of semilinear integrodifferential equations in Banach spaces. Appl. Math. Comput.. 218, 11118–11124 (2012). Publisher Full Text

33. Anahtarci, B, Djakov, P: Refined asymptotics of the spectral gap for the Mathieu operator. J. Math. Anal. Appl.. 396, 243–255 (2012) doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2012.06.019

doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2012.06.019

Publisher Full Text

34. Ahmad, B, Nieto, JJ: Existence of solutions for impulsive anti-periodic boundary value problems of fractional order. Taiwan. J. Math.. 15, 981–993 (2011)

35. Pan, L, Cao, J: Anti-periodic solution for delayed cellular neural networks with impulsive effects. Nonlinear Anal.. 12, 3014–3027 (2011)

36. Deimling, K: Nonlinear Functional Analysis, Springer, New York (1985)