Research

# Global exponential synchronization of delayed BAM neural networks with reaction-diffusion terms and the Neumann boundary conditions

WeiYuan Zhang12* and JunMin Li1

Author Affiliations

1 School of Science, Xidian University, Shaan Xi Xi'an 710071, P.R. China

2 Institute of Maths and Applied Mathematics, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, ShaanXi 712000, P.R. China

For all author emails, please log on.

Boundary Value Problems 2012, 2012:2  doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2012-2

 Received: 25 October 2011 Accepted: 13 January 2012 Published: 13 January 2012

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

### Abstract

In this article, a delay-differential equation modeling a bidirectional associative memory (BAM) neural networks (NNs) with reaction-diffusion terms is investigated. A feedback control law is derived to achieve the state global exponential synchronization of two identical BAM NNs with reaction-diffusion terms by constructing a suitable Lyapunov functional, using the drive-response approach and some inequality technique. A novel global exponential synchronization criterion is given in terms of inequalities, which can be checked easily. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed results.

##### Keywords:
neural networks; reaction-diffusion; delays; global exponential synchronization; Lyapunov functional

### 1. Introduction

Aihara et al. [1] firstly proposed chaotic neural network (NN) models to simulate the chaotic behavior of biological neurons. Consequently, chaotic NNs have drawn considerable attention and have successfully been applied in combinational optimization, secure communication, information science, and so on [2-4]. Since NNs related to bidirectional associative memory (BAM) have been proposed by Kosko [5], the BAM NNs have been one of the most interesting research topics and extensively studied because of its potential applications in pattern recognition, etc. Hence, the study of the stability and periodic oscillatory solution of BAM with delays has raised considerable interest in recent years, see for example [6-12] and the references cited therein.

Strictly speaking, diffusion effects cannot be avoided in the NNs when electrons are moving in asymmetric electromagnetic fields. Therefore, we must consider that the activations vary in space as well as in time. In [13-27], the authors have considered various dynamical behaviors such as the stability, periodic oscillation, and synchronization of NNs with diffusion terms, which are expressed by partial differential equations. For instance, the authors of [16] discuss the impulsive control and synchronization for a class of delayed reaction-diffusion NNs with the Dirichlet boundary conditions in terms of p-norm. In [25], the synchronization scheme is discussed for a class of delayed NNs with reaction-diffusion terms. In [26], an adaptive synchronization controller is derived to achieve the exponential synchronization of the drive-response structure of NNs with reaction-diffusion terms. Meanwhile, although the models of delayed feedback with discrete delays are good approximation in simple circuits consisting of a small number of cells, NNs usually have a spatial extent due to the presence of a multitude of parallel pathways with a variety of axon sizes and lengths. Thus, there is a distribution of conduction velocities along these pathways and a distribution of propagation delays. Therefore, the models with discrete and continuously distributed delays are more appropriate.

To the best of the authors' knowledge, global exponential synchronization is seldom reported for the class of delayed BAM NNs with reaction-diffusion terms. In the theory of partial differential equations, Poincaré integral inequality is often utilized in the deduction of diffusion operator [28]. In this article, the problem of global exponential synchronization is investigated for the class of BAM NNs with time-varying and distributed delays and reaction-diffusion terms by using Poincaré integral inequality, Young inequality technique, and Lyapunov method, which are very important in theories and applications and also are a very challenging problem. Several sufficient conditions are in the form of a few algebraic inequalities, which are very convenient to verify.

### 2. Model description and preliminaries

In this article, a class of delayed BAM NNs with reaction-diffusion terms is described as follows

u i t = k = 1 l x k D i k u i x k - p i u i t , x + j = 1 n b j i f j v j t , x + j = 1 n b ̃ j i f j v j t - θ j i t , x + j = 1 n b ̄ j i - t k j i t - s f j v j s , x d s + I i t , v j t = k = 1 l x k D j k * v j x k - q j v j t , x + i = 1 m d i j g i u i t , x + i = 1 m d ̃ i j g i u i t - τ i j t , x + i = 1 m d ̄ i j - t k ̄ i j t - s g i u i s , x d s + J j t , (1)

where x = (x1, x2 ,..,xl)T ∈ Ω ⊂ ℝl, Ω is a compact set with smooth boundary ∂Ω and mesΩ > 0 in space ℝl; u = (u1,u2,...,um)T ∈ ℝm, (v1,v2,...,vn)T ∈ ℝn, ui(t,x) and vj(t,x) and represent the states of the ith neurons and the jth neurons at time t and in space x, respectively. b j i , b ̃ j i , b ̄ j i , d i j , d ̄ i j , and d ̃ i j are known constants denoting the synaptic connection strengths between the neurons, respectively; fi and gi denote the activation functions of the neurons and the signal propagation functions, respectively; Ii and Ji denote the external inputs on the ith and jth neurons, respectively; pi and qj are differentiable real functions with positive derivatives defining the neuron charging time, respectively; τij(t) and θji(t) represent continuous time-varying discrete delays, respectively; Dik ≥ 0 and D j k * 0 stand for the transmission diffusion coefficient along the ith and jth neurons, respectively. i = 1, 2, ..., m, k = 1, 2, l and j = 1, 2,..., n.

System (1) is supplemented with the following boundary conditions and initial values

u i n ̄ : = u i x 1 , u i x 2 , . . . , u i x l T = 0 ,   v j n ̄ : = v j x 1 , v j x 2 , . . . , v j x l T = 0 , t 0 , x Ω , (2)

u i s , x = φ u i s , x , v j s , x = φ v j s , x ,   s , x - , 0 × Ω . (3)

for any i = 1,2,..., m and j = 1,2,..., n where n ̄ is the outer normal vector of ∂Ω, φ = φ u φ v = φ u 1 , . . . , φ u m , φ v 1 , . . . , φ v n T C are bounded and continuous, where C = φ | φ = φ u φ v , φ : - , 0 × m - , 0 × n m + n . It is the Banach space of continuous functions which map - , 0 - , 0 into ℝm+n with the topology of uniform converge for the norm

φ = φ u φ v = sup - s 0 Ω i = 1 m φ u i r d x + sup - s 0 Ω j = 1 n φ v j r d x , r 2 .

(A1) The functions τij(t), θji(t) are piecewise-continuous of class C1 on the closure of each continuity subinterval and satisfy

0 τ i j t τ i j , 0 θ j i t θ j i , τ ˙ i j t μ τ < 1 , θ ˙ j i t μ θ < 1 , τ = max 1 i m , 1 j n τ i j , θ = max 1 i m , 1 j n θ j i ,

with some constants τij ≥ 0, θji ≥ 0, τ > 0, θ > 0, for all t ≥ 0.

(A2) The functions pi (·)and qj(·) are piecewise-continuous of class C1 on the closure of each continuity subinterval and satisfy

a i = inf ζ p i ζ > 0 , p i 0 = 0 , c j = inf ζ q j ζ > 0 , q j 0 = 0 .

(A3) The activation functions are bounded and Lipschitz continuous, i.e., there exist positive constants L j f and L i g such that for all η1, η2 ∈ ℝ

f j η 1 - f j η 2 L j f η 1 - η 2 ,   g i η 1 - g i η 2 L i g η 1 - η 2 .

(A4) The delay kernels K j i s , K ̄ i j s : 0 , 0 , , (i = 1, 2,...,m, j = 1, 2,...,n) are real-valued non-negative continuous functions that satisfy the following conditions

(i) 0 + K j i s d s = 1 , 0 + K ̄ j i s d s = 1 ,

(ii) 0 + s K j i s d s < , 0 + s K ̄ i j s d s < ,

(iii)There exist a positive μ such that

0 + s e μ s K j i s d s < , 0 + s e μ s K ̄ i j s d s < .

We consider system (1) as the drive system. The response system is described by the following equations

ũ i t , x t = k = 1 l x k D i k ũ i t , x x k - p i ũ i t , x + j = 1 n b j i f j j t , x + j = 1 n b ̃ j i f j j t - θ j i t , x + j = 1 n b ̄ j i - t k j i t - s f j j s , x d s + I i t + σ i t , x , j t , x t = k = 1 l x k D j k * j t , x x k - q j j t , x + i = 1 m d i j g i ũ i t , x + i = 1 m d ̃ i j g i ũ i t - τ i j t , x + i = 1 m d ̄ i j - t k ̄ i j t - s g i ũ i s , x d s + J j t + ϑ j t , x , (4)

where σi (t,x) and ϑj(t,x) denote the external control inputs that will be appropriately designed for a certain control objective. We denote ũ t , x = ũ 1 t , x , . . . , ũ m t , x T , t , x = 1 t , x , . . . , n t , x T , σ t , x = σ 1 t , x , . . . , σ m t , x T and ϑ(t,x) = (ϑ1(t,x),..., ϑn(t,x))T.

The boundary and initial conditions of system (4) are

ũ i n ̄ : = ũ i x 1 , ũ i x 2 , . . . , ũ i x l T = 0 ,   j n ̄ : = j x 1 , j x 2 , . . . , j x l T = 0   t 0 , x Ω , (5)

and

ũ i s , x = ψ u i s , x , j s , x = ψ v j s , x ,   s , x - , 0 × Ω , (6)

where ψ = ψ ũ ψ = ψ ũ 1 , . . . , ψ ũ m , ψ 1 , . . . , ψ n T C .

Definition 1. Drive-response systems (1) and (4) are said to be globally exponentially synchronized, if there are control inputs σ(t,x), ϑ(t,x), and r ≥ 2, further there exist constants α > 0 and β ≥ 1 such that

u t , x - ũ t , x + v t , x - t , x

β e - 2 α t φ u s , x - ψ ũ s , x + φ v s , x - ψ s , x , for all t ≥ 0,

in which u t , x - ũ t , x = Ω i = 1 m u i t , x - ũ i t , x r d x , v t , x - t , x = Ω j = 1 n v j t , x - j t , x r d x , r 2 , and (u(t,x), v(t,x)) and ũ t , x , t , x are the solutions of drive-response systems (1) and (4) satisfying boundary conditions and initial conditions (2), (3) and (5), (6), respectively.

Lemma 1. [21] (Poincaré integral inequality). Let Ω be a bounded domain of ℝm with a smooth boundary ∂Ω of class C2 by Ω. u(x) is a real-valued function belonging to H 0 1 Ω and u x n ̄ | Ω = 0 . Then

Ω u x 2 d x 1 λ 1 Ω u x 2 d x ,

which λ1 is the lowest positive eigenvalue of the Neumann boundary problem

- Δ φ x = λ 1 φ x , x Ω , u x n ̄ | Ω = 0 , x Ω . (7)

### 3. Main results

From the definition of synchronization, we can define the synchronization error signal e i t , x = u i t , x - ũ i t , x , ω j t , x = v j t , x - j t , x , e(t,x) = (e1(t,x),...,em(t,x))T, and ω(t,x) = (ω1(t,x),..., ωn(t,x))T . Thus, error dynamics between systems (1) and (4) can be expressed by

e i t , x t = k = 1 l x k D i k e i t , x x k - p ̃ i e i t , x + j = 1 n b j i f ̃ j ω j t , x + j = 1 n b ̃ j i f ̃ j ω j t - θ j i t , x + j = 1 n b ̄ j i - t k j i t - s f ̃ j ω j s , x d s - σ i t , x , ω j t , x t = k = 1 l x k D j k * ω j t , x x k - q ̃ j ω j t , x + i = 1 m d i j g ̃ i e i t , x + i = 1 m d ̃ i j g ̃ i e i t - τ i j t , x + i = 1 m d ̄ i j - t k ̄ i j t - s g ̃ i e i s , x d s - ϑ j t , x , (8)

where f ̃ j ω j t , x = f j v j t , x - f j j t , x , g ̃ i e i t , x = g i u i t , x - g i ũ i t , x , p ̃ i e i t , x = p i u i t , x - p i ũ i t , x , q ̃ j ω j t , x = q j v j t , x - q j j t , x .

The control inputs strategy with state feedback are designed as follows:

σ i t , x = k = 1 m μ i k e k t , x , ϑ j t , x = k = 1 n ρ j k ω k t , x ,   i = 1 , 2 , . . . , m , j = 1 , 2 , . . . , n .

that is,

σ t , x = μ e t , x , ϑ t , x = ρ ω t , x , (9)

where μ = μ i k m × m and ρ = ρ j k n × n are the controller gain matrices.

The global exponential synchronization of systems (1) and (4) can be solved if the controller matrices μ and ρ are suitably designed. We have the following result.

Theorem 1. Under the assumptions (A1)-(A4), drive-response systems (1) and (4) are in global exponential synchronization, if there exist wi > 0(i = 1,2,..., n+m), r ≥ 2, γij > 0, βji > 0 such that the controller gain matrices μ and ρ in (9) satisfy

w i - r n a i r - 1 D i λ 1 - r n a i r - r n μ i i a i r - 1 + 2 r - 1 j = 1 n a i r + r - 1 j = 1 n a i r β j i - r r - 1 + r - 1 k = 1 , i k m a i r + j = 1 n w m + j m r d i j r L i g r + d ̃ i j r e τ 1 - μ τ L i g r + d ̄ i j r γ i j r L i g r + n r k = 1 , i k m μ k i r w k < 0

and

w m + j - r m c j r - 1 D j * λ 1 - r m c j r - r m ρ j j c j r - 1 + 2 r - 1 i = 1 m c j r + r - 1 k = 1 , j k n c j r + r - 1 i = 1 m c j r γ i j - r r - 1 + i = 1 m w i n r b j i r L j f r + b ̃ j i r e θ 1 - μ θ L j f r + b ̄ j i r β j i r L j f r + m r k = 1 , j k n ρ k j r w k + m < 0 , (10)

in which i = 1, 2, ..., m, j = 1, 2,..., n, L j f and L i g are Lipschitz constants, D i = min 1 k l D i k , D j * = min 1 k l D j k * , λ1 is the lowest positive eigenvalue of problem (7).

Proof. If (10) holds, we can always choose a positive number δ > 0 (may be very small) such that

w i - r n a i r - 1 D i λ 1 - r n a i r - r n μ i i a i r - 1 + 2 r - 1 j = 1 n a i r + r - 1 j = 1 n a i r β j i - r r - 1 + r - 1 k = 1 , i k m a i r + j = 1 n w m + j m r d i j r L i g r + d ̃ i j r e τ 1 - μ τ L i g r + d ̄ i j r γ i j r L i g r + n r k = 1 , i k m μ k i r w k + δ < 0

and

w m + j - r m c j r - 1 D j * λ 1 - r m c j r - r m ρ j j c j r - 1 + 2 r - 1 i = 1 m c j r + r - 1 k = 1 , j k n c j r + r - 1 i = 1 m c j r γ i j - r r - 1 + i = 1 m w i n r b j i r L j f r + b ̃ j i r e θ 1 - μ θ L j f r + b ̄ j i r β j i r L j f r + m r k = 1 , j k n ρ k j r w k + m + δ < 0 , (11)

where i = 1, 2,..., m, j = 1, 2,..., n.

Let us consider functions

F i x i * = w i - r n a i r - 1 D i λ 1 - r n a i r - r n μ i i a i r - 1 + 2 r - 1 j = 1 n a i r + r - 1 k = 1 , i k m a i r + r - 1 j = 1 n a i r β j i - r r - 1 0 + k j i s d s + 2 x i * n a i r - 1 + j = 1 n w m + j m r d i j r L i g r + d ̃ i j r e τ 1 - μ τ L i g r + d ̄ i j r γ i j r L i g r 0 + e 2 x i * s k ̄ i j s d s + n r k = 1 , i k m μ k i r w k

and

G j y j * = w m + j - r m c j r - 1 D j * λ 1 - r m c j r - r m ρ j j c j r - 1 + 2 r - 1 i = 1 m c j r + r - 1 k = 1 , j k n c j r + r - 1 i = 1 m c j r γ i j - r r - 1 0 + k ̄ i j s d s + 2 y j * m c j r - 1 + i = 1 m w i n r b j i r L j f r + b ̃ j i r e θ 1 - μ θ L j f r + b ̄ j i r β j i r L j f r 0 + e 2 y j * s k j i s d s + m r k = 1 , j k n ρ k j r w k + m , (12)

where x i * , y j * 0 , + , i = 1, 2, ..., m, j = 1, 2, ..., n.

From (12) and (A4), we derive

Fi(0) < -δ < 0, Gj(0) < -δ < 0; F i x i * and G j y j * are continuous for x i * , y j * 0 , + . Moreover, F i x i * + as x i * + and G j y j * + as y j * + , thus there exist constants εij ∈ [0, +∞) such that

F i ε i = w i - r n a i r - 1 D i λ 1 - r n a i r - r n μ i i a i r - 1 + 2 r - 1 j = 1 n a i r + r - 1 k = 1 , i k m a i r + r - 1 j = 1 n a i r β j i - r r - 1 0 + k j i s d s + 2 ε i n a i r - 1 + j = 1 n w m + j m r d i j r L i g r + d ̃ i j r e τ 1 - μ τ L i g r + d ̄ i j r γ i j r L i g r 0 + e 2 ε i s k ̄ i j s d s + n r k = 1 , i k m μ k i r w k = 0

and

G j ν j = w m + j - r m c j r - 1 D j * λ 1 - r m c j r - r m ρ j j c j r - 1 + 2 r - 1 i = 1 m c j r + r - 1 k = 1 , j k n c j r + r - 1 i = 1 m c j r γ i j - r r - 1 0 + k ̄ i j s d s + 2 ν j m c j r - 1 + i = 1 m w i n r b j i r L j f r + b ̃ j i r e θ 1 - μ θ L j f r + b ̄ j i r β j i r L j f r 0 + e 2 ν j s k j i s d s + m r k = 1 , j k n ρ k j r w k + m = 0 . (13)

By using α = min 1 i m , 1 j n ε i , ν j , obviously, we get

F i ( α ) = w i ( r n a i r 1 D i λ 1 r n a i r r n μ i i a i r 1 + 2 ( r 1 ) j = 1 n a i r + ( r 1 ) k = 1 , i k m a i r + ( r 1 ) j = 1 n a i r β j i r r 1 0 + k j i ( s ) d s + 2 α n a i r 1 ) + j = 1 n w m + j m r ( | d i j | r ( L i g ) r + | d ˜ i j | r e τ 1 μ τ ( L i g ) r + | d ¯ i j | r γ i j r ( L i g ) r 0 + e 2 α s k ¯ i j ( s ) d s ) + n r k = 1 , i k m | μ k i | r w k 0

and

G j α = w m + j - r m c j r - 1 D j * λ 1 - r m c j r - r m ρ j j c j r - 1 + 2 r - 1 i = 1 m c j r + r - 1 k = 1 , j k n c j r + r - 1 i = 1 m c j r γ i j - r r - 1 0 + k ̄ i j s d s + 2 α m c j r - 1 + i = 1 m w i n r b j i r L j f r + b ̃ j i r e θ 1 - μ θ L j f r + b ̄ j i r β j i r L j f r 0 + e 2 α s k j i s d s + m r k = 1 , j k n ρ k j r w k + m 0 . (14)

Multiplying both sides of the first equation of (8) by ei (t,x) and integrating over Ω yields

1 2 d d t Ω e i t , x 2 d x = Ω k = 1 l e i t , x x k D i k e i t , x x k d x - p i ξ i Ω e i t , x 2 d x + Ω j = 1 n b j i e i t , x f ̃ j ω j t , x d x + j = 1 n Ω b ̃ j i e i t , x f ̃ j ω j t - θ j i t , x d x + j = 1 n Ω b ̄ j i e i t , x - t k j i t - s f ̃ j ω j s , x d s d x - Ω k = 1 m e i t , x μ i k e k t , x d x . (15)

It is easy to calculate by the Neumann boundary conditions (2) that

Ω k = 1 l e i t , x x k D i k e i t , x x k d x = Ω k = 1 l e i t , x D i k e i t , x x k d x = Ω k = 1 l e i t , x D i k e i t , x x k d x - Ω k = 1 l D i k e i t , x x k 2 d x = - k = 1 l Ω D i k e i t , x x k 2 d x (16)

Moreover, from Lemma 1, we can derive

- k = 1 l Ω D i k e i t , x x k 2 d x - k = 1 l Ω D i e i t , x x k 2 d x - D i λ 1 e i t , x 2 2 . (17)

From (13)-(17), (A2), and (A3), we obtain that

d d t Ω e i t , x 2 d x - 2 D i λ 1 Ω e i t , x 2 d x - 2 a i Ω e i t , x 2 d x + 2 Ω j = 1 n b j i e i t , x L j f ω j t , x d x + 2 j = 1 n Ω b ̃ j i e i t , x f ̃ j ω j t - θ j i t , x d x + 2 j = 1 n Ω b ̄ j i - t k j i t - s e i t , x f ̃ j ω j s , x d s d x - 2 Ω k = 1 m e i t , x μ i k e k t , x d x . (18)

Multiplying both sides of the second equation of (8) by ωj (t,x), similarly, we also have

d d t Ω ω j t , x 2 d x - 2 D j * λ 1 Ω ω j t , x 2 d x - 2 c j Ω ω j t , x 2 d x + 2 Ω i = 1 m d i j L i g e i t , x ω j t , x d x + 2 i = 1 m Ω d ̃ i j g ̃ i e i t - τ i j t , x ω j t , x d x + 2 i = 1 m Ω d ̄ i j - t k ̄ i j t - s g ̃ i e i s , x ω j t , x d s d x - 2 Ω k = 1 n ρ j k ω k t , x ω j t , x d x . (19)

Consider the following Lyapunov functional

V t = Ω i = 1 m w i n a i r - 1 e i t , x r e 2 α t + j = 1 n b ̃ j i r n r e θ 1 - μ θ t - θ j i t t e 2 α ξ f ̃ j ω j ξ , x r d ξ + j = 1 n b ̄ j i r n r β j i r 0 + k j i s t - s t e 2 α s + ξ f ̃ j ω j ξ , x r d ξ d s d x + Ω j = 1 n w m + j m c j r - 1 ω j t , x r e 2 α t + i = 1 m d ̃ i j r m r e τ 1 - μ τ t - τ i j t t e 2 α ξ g ̃ i e i ξ , x r d ξ + i = 1 m d ̄ i j r m r γ i j r 0 + k ̄ i j s t - s t e 2 α s + ξ g ̃ i e i ξ , x r d ξ d s d x . (20)

Its upper Dini-derivative along the solution to system (8) can be calculated as

D + V t Ω i = 1 m w i r n a i r - 1 e i t , x r - 1 e i t , x t e 2 α t + 2 α e 2 α t n a i r - 1 e i t , x r + e 2 α t j = 1 n b ̃ j i r n r e θ 1 - μ θ f ̃ j ω j t , x r + e 2 α t j = 1 n b ̄ j i r n r β j i r 0 + e 2 α s k j i s f ̃ j ω j t , x r d s - j = 1 n b ̃ j i r n r e θ 1 - μ θ 1 - θ ˙ j i t e 2 α t - θ j i t f ̃ j ω j t - θ j i t , x r - e 2 α t j = 1 n b ̄ j i r n r β j i r 0 + k j i s f ̃ j ω j t - s , x r d s d x + Ω j = 1 n w m + j r m c j r - 1 ω j t , x r - 1 ω j t , x t e 2 α t + 2 α e 2 α t m c j r - 1 ω j t , x r + e 2 α t i = 1 m d ̃ i j r m r e τ 1 - μ τ g ̃ i e i t , x r - i = 1 m d ̃ i j r m r e τ 1 - μ τ e 2 α t - τ i j t 1 - τ ˙ i j t g ̃ i e i t - τ i j t , x r + e 2 α t i = 1 m d ̄ i j r m r γ i j r 0 + e 2 α s k ̄ i j s g ̃ i e i t , x r d s - e 2 α t i = 1 m d ̄ i j r m r γ i j r 0 + k ̄ i j s g ̃ i e i t - s , x r d s d x (21)

From (21) and Young inequality, we can conclude

D + V t Ω e 2 α t i = 1 m w i - r n a i r - 1 D i λ 1 - r n a i r + 2 r - 1 j = 1 n a i r + 2 α n a i r - 1 + r - 1 k = 1 , i k m a i r - r n μ i i a i r - 1 + r - 1 j = 1 n a i r β j i - r r - 1 - t k j i t - s d s + j = 1 n w m + j m r d i j r L i g r + d ̃ i j r e τ 1 - μ τ L i g r + d ̄ i j r γ i j r 0 + e 2 α s k ̄ i j s L i g r d s + n r k = 1 , i k m μ k i r w k e i t , x r d x + Ω e 2 α t j = 1 n w m + j - r m c j r - 1 D j * λ 1 - r m c j r - r m ρ j j c j r - 1 + 2 r - 1 i = 1 m c j r + r - 1 k = 1 , j k n c j r + r - 1 i = 1 m c j r γ i j - r r - 1 - t k ̄ i j t - s d s + 2 α m c j r - 1 + i = 1 m w i n r b j i r L j f r + b ̃ j i r e θ 1 - μ θ L j f r + b ̄ j i r β j i r L j f r 0 + e 2 α s k j i s d s + m r k = 1 , j k n ρ k j r w k + m ω j t , x r d x (22)

From (10), we can conclude

D + V t 0 ,  and so  V t V 0 , t 0 (23)

Since

V 0 = Ω i = 1 m w i n a i r - 1 e i 0 , x r + j = 1 n b ̃ j i r n r e θ 1 - μ θ - θ j i t 0 f ̃ j ω j ξ , x r d ξ + j = 1 n b ̄ j i r n r β j i r 0 + k j i s - s 0 e 2 α s + ξ f ̃ j ω j ξ , x r d ξ d s d x + Ω j = 1 n w m + j m c j r - 1 ω j 0 , x r + i = 1 m d ̃ i j r m r e τ 1 - μ τ - τ i j t 0