In this article, we consider the compressible micropolar viscous flow in a bounded or unbounded domain Ω ⊆ ℝ³. We prove the existence of unique local strong solutions for large initial data satisfying some compatibility conditions. The key point here is that the initial density need not be positive and may vanish in an open set.

Compressible micropolar viscous fluids study the viscous compressible fluids with randomly oriented (or spherical) particles suspended in the medium, when the deformation of fluid particles is ignored. The theory can help us consider some physical phenomena which cannot be treated by the compressible viscous baratropic flows, due to the effect of microparticles. The microstructure of the polar fluids is mechanically significant. The governing system of equations of compressible micropolar viscous fluids expresses the balance of mass, momentum, and moment of momentum see [1,2], that is,

Here the density ρ = ρ(t, x), the velocity u = [u¹(t, x), u²(t, x), u³(t, x)], the microrotational velocity w = [w¹(t, x), w²(t, x), w³(t, x)], and the pressure p(ρ) = aρ^γ(a > 0, γ > 1) are functions of the time t ∈ (0, T) and the spatial coordinate x ∈ Ω, where Ω is either a bounded open subset in ℝ³ with smooth boundary or a usual unbounded domain such as the whole space ℝ³, the half space and an exterior domain with smooth boundary. μ, λ, μ', λ', and ζ are positive constants, which describe the viscosity of the fluids, satisfying the additional condition: μ + λ - ζ ≥ 0.

We prescribe the initial boundary value conditions:

There are lots of literature on the well-posedness and ill-posedness of the incompressible micropolar viscous fluid, i.e., the system (1) with ρ ≡ Constant. Yamaguchi [3] considered the global strong solution in a bounded domain with small initial data. Lukaszewicz [4] showed the existence theorem for the incompressible micropolar viscous fluid with sufficiently regular initial data. And with the effect of Magnetic fields, the system of magneto-micropolar fluid, in [5], Yuan gave the local smooth solution without the smallness of the initial data; and also gave the blow-up criterion for the smooth solutions. Amirat and Hamdache [6] considered the global weak solutions with finite energy and establish the long-time behavior of the solution. And Amirat et al. [7] also proved the global in time weak solution with finite energy of an initial-boundary value problem and long-time behavior of such solution with the effect of magnetic field. We also refer the reader to [8] for local strong solution in bounded domain of ℝ³ and references therein.

For the compressible case, in the absence of vacuum, there also have been lots of studies on the full viscous compressible micropolar fluids (which include also the conservation law of energy) since Eringen [1]. The one-dimensional problem studied by Mujaković [9-12], and Dražić and Mujaković [13] and references therein. For the multidimensional case, we refer the readers to [2,14-17] and references therein. If the vacuum occur initially, Chen [18,19] studied the global strong solutions of compressible micropolar viscous fluids in 1-D. Recently, Amirat and Hamdache [20] studied the micropolar fluids with the effect of magnetic field, they prove the global weak solution in a bounded domain in ℝ³ with initial vacuum.

Classical compressible viscous flows, i.e., w = 0 and ζ = 0 in (1), have been studied by many authors. In [21], Matsumura and Nishida considered the global smooth solutions under the condition that initial data close to a non-vacuum equilibrium. For the arbitrary initial data, the major breakthrough is due to Lions [22], where he established global existence of weak solutions for the whole space, periodic domain or bounded domains with Dirichlet boundary conditions if γ ≥ 9/5. The restriction on γ was improved to γ > 3/2 by Feireisl etal. in [23].

In [24], Choe and Kim established local in time strong solution of isentropic compressible fluids with initial density ρ₀ may vanish in an open subset. After that, Cho and Kim [25] studied the local existence of strong solutions of viscous polytropic fluids with vacuum. Cho et al. [26] considered the unique solvability of the initial boundary value problems for compressible viscous fluids that the initial density need not be bounded away from zero.

Hoff and Serre [27] presented an example which showed the failure of continuous dependence of weak solution, so it should be noticed that contrary to the case of strong solutions, weak solutions with vacuum need not depend continuously on their initial data.

Before stating the main result, we introduce the notions used throughout this article. We denote

For 1 ≤ r ≤ ∞, we denote the standard homogeneous and inhomogeneous Sobolev spaces as follows:

In spirit of [26], our aim of this article is to establish the local strong solution of (1)-(4). Assume the initial data (ρ₀, w₀, u₀) satisfying the regularity

where 3 < q < ∞, and the compatibilities

and

for some (g₁, g₂) ∈ L².

Now, we state our main result in this article:

Theorem 1 Assume the data (ρ₀, u₀, w₀) satisfy the regularity conditions (5) and the compatibility conditions (6) and (7).

Then there exists a time T_*∈ (0, T) and a unique strong solutions (ρ, u, w) to the initial boundary value problem (1)-(4) such that

where q₀ = min{6, q}.

The article is organized as follow. In Section 2, we prove the global existence and regularity of the unique strong solutions to a linearized problem of the nonlinear problem (1)-(4). The result is used in Section 3 to construct approximate solutions to the original nonlinear problem. In Section 3, we derive some uniform bounds of the higher derivatives independent of the lower bound of the density. Moreover, we prove the convergence and obtain the local existence of strong solutions. In Section 4, we finish the proof of Theorem 1.

Remark 1 In this article, we use the following fact frequently later:

under the boundary condition of (3) or (4).

In this section, we consider the following linearized system:

where v is a known vector fields. If the initial density ρ₀ is bounded away from zero, then we can apply standard arguments to prove the global existence of a unique strong solution to the initial boundary value problem (2)-(4) and (8), since the system can be uncoupled into a linear transport equation and two linear parabolic equations.

In this section, we prove the following existence result for the general case of nonnegative initial densities.

Theorem 2 Assume that the data (ρ₀, u₀, w₀) satisfies the regularity conditions:

for some 3 < q < ∞ and the compatibility conditions:

and

for some (g₁, g₂) ∈ L². If in addition, v satisfies the regularity conditions:

where q₀ = min{6, q}. Then there exists a unique strong solution (ρ, u, w) to the initial boundary value problems (2)-(4) and (8) such that

Here, we emphasize that we focus on the bounded open domain Ω with smooth boundary condition. As for the unbounded domain, we can deal the same problem with the standard domain expansion technique that derived in [22]. We also refer the reader to [26]. The key of this technique is that the a priori estimates do not depend on the size of the domain. So, we here emphasize that the a priori estimates deduced in this section are independent of the size of the domain.

2.1 Existence of theorem 2

We begin with an existence result for the case of positive initial densities.

Lemma 1 Let Ω be a bounded domain in ℝ³ with smooth boundary, and let (ρ₀, u₀, w₀) be a given data satisfying the regularity condition (9)-(11). Assume further that , , ρ₀ ∈ H² and ρ₀ ≥ δ in Ω for some constant δ > 0. Then there exists a unique strong solution (ρ, u, w) to the initial boundary value problems (2), (3) and (8) such that

Proof Due to the classical embedding result, that υ ∈ C([0, T];H²). Hence the existence and regularity of a unique solution of the linearized continuity Equation (8)₁ have been well-known. Moreover, the unique solution ρ can be expressed by:

where U(t, s, x) is the solution to

We refer the readers to [28,29] for a detailed proof. As a consequence of (14) and Sobolev inequality, we have

for . Hence the linearized moment of momentum Equation (8)₂ can be written as a linear parabolic system

The existence and regularity of the unique solution w can be proved by applying classical methods, for instance, the method of continuity (see [29]). Similarly, the linearized momentum Equation (8)₃ also as a linear parabolic system

and can be solved using the same method.

Now we prove the existence of strong solutions. Then thanks to Lemma 1, there exists a unique strong solution (ρ, u, w) satisfying the regularity (13). To remove the additional hypotheses in Lemma 1, we will derive some uniform estimates independent of δ, , and .

First, we consider the solution ρ of the linearized continuity Equation (8)₁. Since (8)₁ is a linear transport equation, so we need to prove the estimates. Multiply (8)₁ by ρ^r-1(r = 2 or q₀) and integrating (by parts) over Ω, we obtain:

Then, using Sobolev inequality, we get

Differentiating (8)₁ with respect to x_i, then multiplying the resultant equation by ∂_iρ|∂_iρ|^r-2, i = 1, 2, 3 and then integrating over Ω, we have

By virtue of Sobolev inequality, we get:

Using (16) and (17) together with Gronwall's inequality, one yields:

Since ρ_t = -υ ·∇ρ - ρ div υ, p = p(ρ) and p(0) = 0, we can easily get

Then, we consider the solution w of the linearized Equation (8)₂. Rewrite (8)₂, with the help of (8)₁, as:

Multiplying this equation by w_t and integrating (by parts) over Ω, we have

Then, using Young's inequality, we obtain:

Integrating the above inequality over (0, t), we get:

Thus, we have

Therefore, in view of Gronwall's inequality, we have:

To derive higher regularity estimates, we differentiate (19) with respect to t and obtain:

Multiplying the above equation by w_t, and integrating over Ω, we have:

Now, we estimate each term on the right-hand side of (24)

Choosing ε= μ'/6, substitute the above estimates into (24), we can get

Integrating over (τ, t) for some fixed τ ∈ (0, T), we deduce that

To estimate , due to(19), we see

and thus we have

where is defined by

Therefore, letting τ → 0 in (26), we conclude that

To obtain further estimates, observe that since for each t ∈ [0, T], is a solution of the elliptic system:

where . And then

Therefore, using the previous estimates, we can deduce from (28) that

Now, we consider the solution u of the linearized Equation (8)₃. Rewrite (8)₃ as

Multiplying this equation by u_t and integrating over Ω, we have

Then, using Young's inequality, we obtain:

Integrating the above inequality over (0, t) using Young's inequality, we get

Therefore, in view of Gronwall's inequality, we have

To derive higher regularity estimates, differentiate (30) with respect to t and obtain:

Multiplying the above equation by u_t, integrating (by parts) over Ω, and using (8)₁, we obtain:

Using Sobolev inequality, interpolation inequality and Young's inequality, we obtain:

Substituting the above estimates into (32), we can easily show that:

Now, for fixed τ ∈ (0, T). Since the right-hand side of (33) is integrable in (0, T), we deduce that

To estimate from (8)₃, we see that

and thus

where is defined by

Therefore, letting τ → 0 in (34), we conclude that

To obtain further estimates, observe that for each t ∈ [0, T], is a solution of the following elliptic system:

where . It follows from the elliptic regularity theory, we get

Therefore, using the previous estimates, we get from (36) that

Since the estimates we have derived, we prove the existence result. First, we consider for the case of bounded domain. Using standard regularization techniques, we choose p^δ = p^δ(⋅) and υ^δ, 0 < δ ≪ 1, so that

Then, for each δ ∈ (0, 1), let and let is the solution to the boundary value problem:

It follows from the elliptic regularity result that in as δ → 0. Hence, if we denote by (ρ^δ, u^δ, w^δ) the solution of (8) with the initial data and (p, v) replaced by (p^δ, v^δ), it satisfies the estimates (35), (37), (31), (23), (18), (27), (29), where , . Therefore, we conclude that a subsequence of solutions (ρ^δ, u^δ, w^δ) converges to a limit (ρ, u, w) in a weak sense. Then it can easy to show that (ρ, u, w) is a weak solution to the original problem (8). Moreover, due to the lower semi-continuity of various norms, we have the following regularity estimates for (ρ, u, w):

2.2 Continuity and uniqueness

Now, turn our attention to the continuity of the solution (ρ, u, w). The continuity of ρ can be proved by a standard argument from the theory of hyperbolic equations. Since ρ satisfies the regularity (38), it follows from a result of DiPerna and Lions [30] and classical embedding results that (See [31]):

To show the strong continuity in , observe from (17), (18) and i = 1, 2, 3,

and thus . Hence it follows from a well-known criterion on the strong conver-gence for the space L^r (See [32]) that

Therefore, the continuity of ∇ρ in L^r(r = 2, q₀) follows from the result and the observation that for each fixed t₀ ∈ [0, t], the function is a unique strong solution to the similar initial value problem:

where .

To show the continuity of w, we first observe that

We now prove the continuity of ρw_t in L². For a.e. t ∈ (0, T) and the from (19), we have

and thus

Using the regularity (38) of (ρ, w), we show that the right-hand side of (39) is bounded above by for some positive function A₁(t) ∈ L²(0, T). Hence it follows, from the well-known result (see [31]) that (ρw_t)_t∈ L²(0, T; H^-1) and for all where 〈⋅, ⋅〉 denotes the dual pairing of H^-1 and . Then since , it follows from a standard embedding result ρw_t ∈ C([0, T]; L²). Therefore, we conclude that for each t∈[0, T], is a solution of the elliptic system:

where G₁ = -ρw_t-4ζw ∈ C([0, T]; L²). Now we turn to show that w ∈ C([0, T]; D²). In view of the elliptic regularity estimate (36), we obtain

Using the estimate (36), we obtain:

Substituting this into (40), we conclude that

The continuity of ρu_t in L² is similar as the proof of ρw_t. From (30), for a.e. t ∈ (0, T), and all , we have

and thus

Using the regularity (38) of (ρ, u, w), we show the right-hand side of (42) is bounded above by for some positive function A₂(t) ∈ L²(0, T). Hence by the similar argument of ρw_t, we see that (ρu_t)_t∈ L²(0, T; H^-1), and then ρu_t ∈ C([0, T]; L²). Therefore, we conclude that for each is a solution of the elliptic system:

where G₂ = -ρu_t - ∇p(ρ) + 2ζ rot w ∈ C([0, T]; L²).

Now, we will show that u ∈ C([0, T]; D²). In view of the elliptic regularity estimate (36), we have

To estimate the third term in the right-hand side of (43), using the estimate (38), similarly as (41), we get:

Substituting this into (43), we conclude the continuity of u in D². This completes the proof of the continuity.

Finally, we prove the uniqueness of solutions satisfying the regularity (38). Let (ρ₁, u₁, w₁) and (ρ₂, u₂, w₂) be two strong solutions to the problem (8) and (2)-(4). Denote

Then, it follows from (8)₁ that

Since and , we conclude from Gronwall's inequality that , i.e., ρ₁ = ρ₂ in (0, T) × Ω. Next, we choose a cut-off function such that

Define φ_R(x) = φ(x/R) for x ∈ ℝ³. From (8)₂ and using the uniqueness of ρ, we deduce that

Then multiplying the above equation by , integrating over (0, T) × Ω, and letting R → ∞, we easily get

Hence, we deduce that , and in (0, T), due to . Therefore, we conclude that in (0, T) × Ω.

Similarly, from the uniqueness of ρ, and (8)₃, we get

Then multiplying it by integrating over (0, T) × Ω, and letting R → ∞, we obtain

Due to ū(0) = 0, we get in (0, T). Then ū = 0 in (0, T) × Ω.

This completes the proof of the Theorem 2.

In this section, we assume also that Ω is a bounded domain in ℝ³ with smooth boundary and prove a local (in time) existence result on strong solutions with positive densities to the original nonlinear problem (1)-(4).

Proposition 1 Assume that p = aρ^γ (a > 0, γ > 1), and the data (ρ₀, u₀, w₀) satisfies the regularity conditions:

for some q with 3 < q < ∞ and compatibilities (6)-(7). Assume further that ρ₀ ≥ δ in Ω for some constant δ > 0. Then there exist a time T_* ∈ (0, T) and a unique strong solution (ρ, u, w) to the nonlinear problem (1)-(3) such that

where q0 = min(6, q). Furthermore, we have the following estimates:

The constant C and the local time T_* in (44) are independent of δ.

To prove the proposition, we first construct approximate solutions, inductively, as follows:

- first define u⁰ = 0, and

- assume that u^k-1 was defined for k ≥ 1, let (ρ^k, u^k, w^k) be the unique solution to the following initial boundary value problem:

The existence of a global strong solution (ρ^k, u^k, w^k) with the regularity (12) to the linearized problem (45)-(49) was proved in the previous section.

From now on, we derive uniform bounds on the approximate solutions and then prove the convergence of the approximate solutions to a strong solutions of the original nonlinear problem.

3.1 Uniform bounds

Let K ≥ 1 be a fixed large integer, and let us introduce an auxiliary function Φ_K(t), defined by:

Then we estimate each term of Φ_K in terms of some integrals of Φ_K, apply arguments of Gronwall-type and thus prove that Φ_K is locally bounded. First, notice that

Then, we estimate by Φ_K.

• Estimate

Observe that for any t ∈ [0, T], is a solution of the elliptic system:

Hence we deduce from the elliptic regularity result that

Thus we conclude

• Estimate

Similar as the estimate of . We see that for any t ∈ [0, T], is a solution of the elliptic system:

Hence, we have

Thus we conclude

• Estimate

Multiplying (46) by , and integrating over Ω, using Young's inequality we obtain:

Integrating the above inequality we get

To estimate the right-hand side of (52), we first observe that , together with the estimate we conclude that:

• Estimate

Differentiating (46) with respect to t, we obtain

Multiplying this by and integrating over Ω, we obtain:

Using Sobolev inequality and Young's inequality (with ε) repeatedly, we have:

Substituting all these estimates into (54) and choosing ε, η > 0 small enough, we obtain that:

Integrating over (τ, t) for fixed τ > 0, we have

To estimate as τ → 0, we multiplying (46) by , integrate over Ω, we have:

Using Young's inequality, together with the compatibility condition (7), we have

Substituting the above estimate into (56), we conclude that

• Estimate

Multiplying (47) by and integrating over Ω, we obtain:

Using (45), we have

Integrating (58) over (0, t), using (59) and Young's inequality, we have

To estimate the right-hand side of (60), with the help of Sobolev inequality and Young's inequality (with ε), we have:

Substitute all the above estimates into (60), we obtain:

• Estimate

Differentiating (47) with respect to t, we obtain:

Multiplying the equation by , and integrating over Ω, we get

Using Sobolev inequality and Young's inequality we have

Substituting the above estimates into (63), and choosing ε small enough, we have

For a fixed τ ∈ (0, T), integrating the above inequality over (τ, t), we have:

To estimate as τ → 0, we multiply (47) by , and integrate over Ω. Then we have

Hence, with the help of compatibility condition (6), we get:

Considering this and letting τ → 0 in (64), we finally have:

Thanks to the estimate (65), (61), (57), (53), we get:

If η is sufficient small such that , then from the recursive relation of , it follows from that

Thus we have

Finally, we recall from (18) that

for all k, 1 ≤ k ≤ K. To estimate for 1 ≤ k ≤ K, we invoke the elliptic regularity result (36) and the estimate (51). If 3 < q₀ < 6, then we have

for some θ₁, θ₂ ∈ (0, 1). Thus, we conclude that

Similarly, from (28) and the estimate (50), we can deduce that,

for some θ₃, θ₄ ∈ (0, 1). Thus, we deduce that

Thanks to the estimates (68), (69), (67), and (66), we can easily show that there exists a small time T₁ ∈ (0, T) depending only on the parameters C such that the following uniform estimate:

for all k ≥ 1.

3.2 Convergence

We show that the approximate solutions converge to a solution to the original problem (1)-(4) in a strong sense. To prove this, we define:

Then it follows from (45)-(47), we have

Multiplying (72) by , integrating over Ω, using (45) and Young's inequality we have

And thus we have

Multiplying (73) by , integrating over Ω, using (45) and Young's inequality, we obtain

And thus

On the other hand, observing that (71), we can easily prove that . Hence, multiplying (71) by sgn and integrating over Ω, we have

Multiplying the above inequality by on both side, we have

Similarly, we get:

Combining (74)-(77), we obtain:

for some function with for all 0 ≤ t ≤ T₁ and k ≥ 1.

Let us define

and

Then integrating (78) over (0, t) ⊂ (0, T₁), we have

which implies, by virtue of Gronwall's inequality, that

Hence, choosing ε > 0 and then T_* > 0 so small that 4(T_* + ε)C₁ < 1, T_* < T₁ and exp(C₂T_*) < 2, we also deduce from Gronwall's inequality that for all K ≥ 1,

Therefore, we conclude that (ρ^k, u^k, w^k) converges to a limit (ρ, u, w) in the following strong sense:

Now it is simple to check that (ρ, u, w) is a weak solution to the original problem (1)-(4). Then, by virtue of the lower semi-continuity of norms, we deduce from the uniform bound (70) that (ρ, u, w) satisfies the following regularity estimate:

The time-continuity of the solution (ρ, u, w) can be proved by the same argument as in Section 2. This completes the proof of Proposition 3.1.

Here we should emphasize that the constant C and the local existence time T_* in (79) do not depend on δ and the size of Ω.

In this section, we complete the proof of Theorem 1.1.

Assume for the moment that Ω is a bounded domain with smooth boundary. Let (ρ₀, u₀, w₀) be the given data satisfying (5). For each small δ > 0, let and let be the unique smooth solution to the elliptic problem:

Then by virtue of Proposition 3.1, there exist a time T_* ∈ (0, T) and a unique strong solution (ρ^δ, u^δ, w^δ) in [0, T_*] × Ω to the problem (1)-(4) with the initial data replaced by . Notice that in H² as δ → 0, (ρ^δ, u^δ, w^δ) satisfies the bound (44), and the constant T_*, C are independent of δ. Hence, following the same argument as in the proof of Theorem 2.1, we prove the existence and regularity of a strong solution to the original problem (1) - (4). Moreover, since the constant C and the local existence T_* in (44) are independent of the size of the domain, we also obtain the same existence and regularity results for unbounded domains by means of the domain expansion technique. Finally, the uniqueness can be proved by using the similar methods to the proof of the convergence in Section 3.

This completes the proof of Theorem 1.1.

The author declares that they have no competing interests.

The author was indebted to the referee for giving valuable suggestions which improve the presentation of the article.

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