Research

# The asymptpotics of eigenvalues and trace formula of operator associated with one singular problem

Nigar M Aslanova

Author Affiliations

Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics of NAS of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan

Mathematics Department, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan

Boundary Value Problems 2012, 2012:8  doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2012-8

 Received: 14 September 2011 Accepted: 23 January 2012 Published: 23 January 2012

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

### Abstract

In the article, spectrum of operator generated by differential operator expression given on semi axis is investigated and proved formula for regularized trace of this operator.

### Introduction

Let H be a separable Hilbert space with a scalar product (.,.) and norm ∥.∥. Consider in L2((0, ∞), H) the problem

(1)

(2)

where A is a self-adjoint positive-definite operator in H which has a compact inverse operator and A > E (E is an identity operator in H). Denote the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the operator A by γ1 γ2 ≤ ..., and φ1, φ2, ..., respectively.

Suppose that operator-valued function q(x) is weakly measurable, ∥q(x)∥ is bounded on [0, ∞), q*(x) = q(x)∀x ∈ [o, ∞). The following properties hold:

(1) , ∀x ∈ [0, ∞).

(2) is summable on (0, ∞), for

(3) .

In the case q(x) ≡ 0 in L2(H, (0, ∞)) associate with problems (1), (2) a self-adjoint operator L0 whose domain is

In the case q(x) ≠ 0 denote the corresponding operator by L, so L = L0 + q.

In this article the asymptotics of eigenvalues and the trace formula of operator L will be studied.

In [1] the regularized traces of all orders of the operator generated by the expression

and the boundary conditions

are obtained.

In [2] the sum of eigenvalue differences of two singular Sturm-Liouville operators is studied.

The asymptotics of eigenvalues and trace formulas for operators generated by differential expressions with operator coefficients are studied, for example, in [3-7]. We could also refer to papers [8-10] where trace formulas for abstract operators are obtained. Trace formulas are used for evaluation of first eigenvalues, they have application to inverse problems, index theory of operators and so forth. For further detailed discussions of the subject refer to [11].

### 1 The asymptotic formula for eigenvalues of L0 and L

One could easily show that under conditions A > E, A-1 σ, the spectrum of L0 is discrete.

Suppose that γk ~ akα (k → ∞, a > 0, α > 0). Denote yk(x) = (y(x), φk). Then by virtue of the spectral expansion of the self-adjoint operator A we get the following boundary-value problem for the coefficients yk(x):

(1.1)

(1.2)

In the case x + γk > λ solution of problem (1.1) from L2(0, ∞) is

(1.3)

and in the case x + γk< λ we can write it as a function of real argument as

(1.4)

For this solution to satisfy (1.2) it is necessary and sufficient to hold

(1.5)

at least for one γk(λ γk). Therefore, the spectrum of the operator L0 consists of those real values of λ γk such that at least for one k

(1.6)

where .

Prove the following two lemmas which we will need further.

Lemma 1.1. Equation (1.6) has only real roots.

Proof. Suppose that z = , α R, α ≠ 0. Then the operator associated with problem

(1.7)

(1.8)

is positive and its eigenvalues are squares of the roots of Equation (1.6). So,

But

which is contradiction. Then z can be only real, otherwise, the selfadjoint operator corresponding to (1.7), (1.8) will have nonreal eigenvalues, which is impossible. The lemma is proved.

Now, find the asymptotics of the solutions of Equation (1.6). By virtue of the asymptotics for large |z| [[12], p. 975]

we get

(1.9)

Hence

(1.10)

where m is a large integer. Therefore, the statement of the following lemma is true.

Lemma 1.2. For the eigenvalues of L0 the following asymptotic is true

(1.11)

For large |z| consider the rectangular contour l with vertices at the points

which bypasses the origin along the small semicircle on the right side of the imaginary axis.

The following lemma is true.

Lemma 1.3. For a sufficiently large integer N the number of the roots of the equation inside l is N + O(1).

Proof. For large |z| we have

(1.12)

Denote the function in braces on the right hand side of (1.12) by F(z). Then for large |z| by Rouches' theorem the number of the zeros of F(z) inside the contour equals the number of the zeros . Therefore, the number of the zeros of function

inside l is N + O(1).

Now, by using the above results, derive the asymptotic formula for the eigenvalue distribution of L0.

Denote the distribution function of L0 by N(λ). Then

So, N(λ) is a number of positive integer pairs (m,k) for which

By Lemma 1.2 for the great values of m

From the asymptotics of γk we have

Hence, by virtue of Lemmas 1.1 and 1.3

(1.13)

where N"(λ) is the number of the positive integer pairs for which

(1.14)

N'(λ) is the number of the positive integer pairs (m, k) satisfying the inequality

(1.15)

Thus by using (1.14), (1.15) in (1.13) as in [[13], Lemma 2] we come to the following statement.

Lemma 1.4. If γk ~ akα, (0 < a, α > 0) then

where

(1.16)

### 2 Trace formula

The following lemma is true.

Lemma 2.1. Let the conditions of Lemma 1.4 hold. Then for there exists such a subsequence {nm} of natural numbers that the relation

holds.

Proof. In virtue of Lemma 1.4 for , from which it follows that

That is why one could choose a subsequence n1 < n2 < ....nm < ..., that for each k nm holds , or . The lemma is proved.

We will call a regularized trace of the operator L. It will be shown later it is independent of the choice of {nm} satisfying the hypothesis of Lemma 2.1.

From (1.16) it is obvious that for α > 2 resolvents R(L0) and R(L) are trace class operators. By using Lemma 2.1 for α > 2 one can prove the following lemma.

Lemma 2.2. Let q(x)∥ < const on the interval [0, ∞) and also the conditions of Lemma 1.6 hold. Then for α > 2

(2.1)

where {ψn} are orthonormal eigenvectors of the operator L0.

The proof of this lemma is analogous to the proof of Lemma 2 and Theorem 2 from [8]. For this reason we will not derive it here.

The orthogonal eigen-vectors of the operator L0 in L2((0, ∞), H) are

(2.2)

Calculate their norm. We have

(2.3)

Take in Equation (1.7) z2 = α2 and z2 = β2. The solutions corresponding to these values denote by ψ(x, α2) and ψ(x, β2). Multiplying the first of the obtained equations by ψ (x, β2), the second by ψ (x, α2), subtracting the second one from the first one and integrating from zero to infinity we get

Going to limit as α β, we get

By making use of identities (12, p.981)

(2.4)

(2.5)

we have

(2.6)

Finally by equation

we get

(2.7)

So, the orthonormal eigenvectors of L0 are

(2.8)

Lemma 2.3. If the operator-valued function q(x) has property 1 and , then

(2.9)

Proof. Take (q(x)φk, φk) = qk(x). Let ε > 0 be sufficiently small number. If then . For we have and, finally, for it will be .

Consequently for we have

and for

then

(2.10)

For ε → 0 we have

(2.11)

From asymptotic by using (2.10), (2.11) and property 1 we get

The lemma is proved.

By using Lemma 2.3 prove the following theorem.

Theorem 2.1. Let the conditions of Lemma 1.6 hold. If the operator-valued function q (x) has properties 1-3, then it holds the formula

Proof. In virtue of Lemma 2.1

(2.12)

Denote

Show that for each fixed value of k the m-th term of the sum TN (x) is a residue at the point αm of some function of complex variable which has poles at points .

For this purpose consider the following function

(2.13)

By taking in place of zero x in (2.6) one can show that

(2.14)

Note that all zeros of the function are simple, otherwise

and by virtue of (2.7) the norm of the eigenvectors equals zero, which is contradiction.

Denote z2 - x = f (x, z) and the right hand side of (2.14) by G(f(x, z). Then

(2.15)

Then from (2.14), (2.15)

(2.16)

The function g(z) has poles of second order at the points αm. By using identities (2.15), (2.16) show that residues at this points equal the terms of sum TN(x). Denoting , write Taylor expansion of this function in the vicinity αm:

Show that the coefficient of the expansion of function zu2 (z) at (z - αm)3 equals zero. So,

(2.17)

By denoting we have

(2.18)

(2.19)

Therefore,

(2.20)

On the other hand, and satisfy the Bessel equation for . So their difference also satisfies this equation

(2.21)

If , then the right hand side (2.21) vanishes. Hence,

(2.22)

which shows that the coefficient at (z - αm)3 in (2.17) vanishes.

Consequently, by (2.16), (2.17), (2.22) and the relation

we have

Take as a contour of integration a rectangular contour C with vertices at the points ±AN, ±AN + +iB, which bypasses points αm above real axis, -αm below it.

Consider the right hand side of the contour with vertices at AN and AN + iB. By using the asymptotics

For x > 0, N → ∞ taking B = AN, z = u + iv we have

(2.23)

From condition 2

(2.24)

By conditions 2-3 as N → ∞

(2.25)

On the side of the contour with the vertices at ±AN + iB

(2.26)

In the same way as it is done in (2.25), (2.26) we get that

Similarly, one may show that the integral along the left hand side of the contour converges to zero:

So, by the Cauchy theorem we finally get

which completes the proof of the theorem.

### Competing interests

The author declares that they have no competing interests.

### Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Science Development Foundation under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan-Grant No EIF-2011-1(3)-82/18-1.

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