Existence and uniqueness of positive solution to singular fractional differential equations

In this paper, we discuss the existence and uniqueness of a positive solution to the following singular fractional differential equation with nonlocal boundary value conditions:

where , , with , is the standard Riemann-Liouville derivative, f may be singular at , , and .

MSC: 34B10, 34B15.

In this paper, we consider the following fractional differential equation:

where , , with , is the standard Riemann-Liouville derivative, may be singular at , , and . In this paper, by a positive solution to (1.1), we mean a function which satisfies , positive on and satisfies (1.1).

Recently, many results were obtained dealing with the existence of solutions for nonlinear fractional differential equations by using the techniques of nonlinear analysis; see [1-23] and references therein. The multi-point boundary value problems (BVP for short) have provoked a great deal of attention, for example [13-19]. In [10], the authors discussed some positive properties of the Green function for Direchlet-type BVP of nonlinear fractional differential equation

where , is the standard Riemann-Liouville derivative, . By using the Krasnosel’skii fixed point theorem, the existence of positive solutions were obtained under suitable conditions on f.

In [14], the authors investigated the existence and multiplicity of positive solutions by using some fixed point theorems for the fractional differential equation

where , , , with , , satisfied Carathéodory type conditions.

In [20,21], the authors considered the fractional differential equation given by

In order to obtain the existence of positive solutions of (1.4), they considered the following fractional differential equation:

In [20], , and g, h have different monotone properties. By using the fixed point theorem for the mixed monotone operator, Zhang obtained (1.4) and had a unique positive solution with . But the results are not true since is a positive solution of (1.5), and . What causes it lies in the unsuitable using of properties of the Green function.

In [21], , is increasing for , . By using the positive properties of the Green function obtained in and fixed point theory for the concave operator, the authors obtained the uniqueness of a positive solution for the BVP (1.4).

Motivated by the works mentioned above, in this paper we aim to establish the existence and uniqueness of a positive solution to the BVP (1.1). Our work presented in this paper has the following features. Firstly, the BVP (1.1) possesses singularity, that is, f may be singular at , , and . Secondly, we impose weaker positivity conditions on the nonlocal boundary term, that is, some of the coefficients can be negative. Thirdly, the unique positive solution can be approximated by an iterative scheme.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present some preliminaries and lemmas that will be used to prove our main results. We also develop some new positive properties of the Green function. In Section 3, we discuss the existence and uniqueness of a positive solution of the BVP (1.1), we also give an example to demonstrate the application of our theoretical results.

For the convenience of the reader, we present here the necessary definitions from fractional calculus theory. These definitions can be found in recent literature.

Definition 2.1 The fractional integral of order of a function is given by

provided the right-hand side is defined pointwise on .

Definition 2.2 The fractional derivative of order of a continuous function is given by

where , denotes the integral part of the number α, provided the right-hand side is pointwisely defined on .

Definition 2.3 By , we mean .

Lemma 2.1 ([3])

Let. Then the following equality holds for, ,

where, , .

Set

where

For the convenience in presentation, we here list the assumption to be used throughout the paper.

() , on .

Remark 2.1 If (), we have and . If () and , we have and on .

Lemma 2.2 ([14])

Assume thatand. Then

Lemma 2.3Assume () holds, and. Then the unique solution of the problem

is

whereis called the Green function of BVP (2.5).

Proof From Lemma 2.1, we have the solution of (2.5) given by

Consequently,

From , we have .

By Lemma 2.2, we have

Therefore,

and

By , we have

Therefore, the solution of (2.5) is

 □

Lemma 2.4The functionhas the following properties:

(1) , for;

(2) , for;

(3) , for, where

Proof It is obvious that (1), (2) hold. In the following, we will prove (3).

(i) When , noticing , we have

Therefore,

which implies

On the other hand, we have

Therefore, , which implies

Then

(ii) When , we have

On the other hand, clearly we have

(2.8)-(2.11) implies (3) holds. □

By Lemma 2.4 we have the following results.

Lemma 2.5Assume () holds, then the Green function defined by (2.3) satisfies:

(1) , ;

(2) , ;

(3) , , where

Lemma 2.6Assume () holds, then the functionsatisfies:

(1) , ;

(2) , ;

(3) , .

For convenience, we list here two more assumptions to be used later:

() , here , is nondecreasing on u, nonincreasing on v, and there exists such that

()

Remark 2.2 Inequality (2.12) is equivalent to

Let be endowed with the maximum norm . Define a cone P by

Let

Set , where θ is the zero element of E. We have the following lemma.

Lemma 2.7Suppose that ()-() hold. Then.

Proof For any , there exists , such that

By (), () and (2) of Lemma 2.6, we get

where . This implies that A is well defined in .

On the other hand, by (3) of Lemma 2.6, we have

Therefore, . Combining with (2.16), we have . □

Remark 2.3 By () and (2.15), A is a mixed monotone operator.

Theorem 3.1Suppose that ()-() hold. Then the BVP (1.1) has a unique positive solution.

Proof For any , by Remark 2.2, we have

For any , noticing , we can choose small enough such that

Set

Clearly,

Let

It is easy to see that

Noticing

therefore,

Suppose that , then , and

By induction, we can get

By (3.4), (3.5), we have

which implies is a Cauchy sequence. Similarly, is a Cauchy sequence. Noticing (3.4), there exist , such that converges to and converges to . Moreover,

(3.5) and (3.6) imply that

This implies that .

By the mixed monotone property of A and (3.6), we have

Let , we get

Since , we have is a positive fixed point of A.

In the following, we will prove the positive fixed point of A is unique.

Suppose is a positive fixed point of A. By Lemma 2.6, we can get . Let

Then , and . Therefore

Thus, , which contradicts the definition of . Consequently, the positive fixed point of A is unique.

It is clear that satisfies

On the other hand, since , we have . Then, . By Lemma 2.5 and (), (), we can get . Moreover,

Lemma 2.3 implies is a positive solution of (1.1).

On the other hand, if is a positive solution of (1.1), then

By Lemma 2.5, we have there exists such that

Set , we have

and

which implies u is a positive fixed point of A.

Then is the unique positive solution of the BVP (1.1). □

Remark 3.1 The unique positive solution y of (1.1) can be approximated by the iterative schemes: for any , let , be defined as (3.2) and , ,  , then .

Example 3.1 (A 4-point BVP with coefficients of both signs)

Consider the following problem:

with

Then

and

By direct calculations, we have and , which implies () holds.

Let

Obviously, , is nondecreasing on x and nonincreasing on y. It is easy to see that

Then

Therefore () holds. It is easy to get that () holds. Therefore, the assumptions of Theorem 3.1 are satisfied. Thus Theorem 3.1 ensures that the BVP (3.8) has a unique positive solution.

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

The authors declare that the study was realized in collaboration with the same responsibility. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

The authors are grateful to the anonymous referee for his/her valuable suggestions. The first and second authors were supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11071141, 11126231) and Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program (J11LA06). The third author was supported financially by the Australia Research Council through an ARC Discovery Project Grant.

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