Infinitely many periodic solutions for subquadratic second-order Hamiltonian systems

In this paper, we investigate the existence of infinitely many periodic solutions for a class of subquadratic nonautonomous second-order Hamiltonian systems by using the variant fountain theorem.

Consider the second-order Hamiltonian systems

where W ( t , u ) is also T-periodic and satisfies the following assumption (A):

(A) W ( t , u ) is measurable in t for all u ∈ R N , continuously differentiable in u for a.e. t ∈ [ 0 , T ] and there exist a ∈ C ( R + , R + ) and b ∈ L 1 ( [ 0 , T ] , R + ) such that

for all u ∈ R N and a.e. t ∈ [ 0 , T ] .

Here and in the sequel, 〈 ⋅ , ⋅ 〉 and | ⋅ | always denote the standard inner product and the norm in R N respectively.

There have been many investigations on the existence and multiplicity of periodic solutions for Hamiltonian systems via the variational methods (see [1-7] and the references therein). In [6], Zhang and Liu studied the asymptotically quadratic case of W ( t , u ) = 1 2 〈 U ( t ) u , u 〉 + W 1 ( t , u ) under the following assumptions:

(AQ₁) W 1 ( t , u ) ≥ 0 for all ( t , u ) ∈ [ 0 , T ] × R N , and there exist constants μ ∈ ( 0 , 2 ) and R 1 > 0 such that

(AQ₂) lim | u | → 0 W 1 ( t , u ) | u | 2 = ∞ uniformly for t ∈ [ 0 , T ] , and there exist constants c 2 , R 2 > 0 such that

(AQ₃) lim inf | u | → ∞ W 1 ( t , u ) | u | ≥ d > 0 uniformly for t ∈ [ 0 , T ] .

They obtained the existence of infinitely many periodic solutions of (1.1) provided W 1 ( t , u ) is even inu (see Theorem 1.1 of [6]).

The subquadratic condition (AQ₁) is widely used in the investigation of nonlinear differential equations. This condition was weakened by some researchers; see, for example, [4] of Jiang and Tang. This paper considers the case of U ( t ) ≡ 0 , then W ( t , u ) = W 1 ( t , u ) . Motivated by [4] and [6], we replace (AQ₁) with the following condition:

( AQ 1 ′ ) W ( t , u ) ≥ 0 for all ( t , u ) ∈ [ 0 , T ] × R N , and

The condition ( AQ 1 ′ ) implies that for some constant R 1 ′ > 0 ,

By the assumption (A) and the condition ( AQ 1 ′ ), for any ϵ > 0 , there exists a δ > 0 such that

for ∀ u ∈ R N and a.e. t ∈ [ 0 , T ] .

Meanwhile, we weaken the condition (AQ₃) to ( AQ 3 ′ ) as follows:

( AQ 3 ′ ) There exists a constant ϱ ∈ ( 0 , 1 ] such that

Then our main result is the following theorem.

Theorem 1.1Assume that ( AQ 1 ′ ), (AQ₂), ( AQ 3 ′ ) hold and W ( t , u ) is even inu. Then (1.1) possesses infinitely many solutions.

Remark The conditions (AQ₁) and (AQ₃) are stronger than ( AQ 1 ′ ) and ( AQ 3 ′ ). Then Theorem 1.1 above is different from Theorem 1.1 of [6].

In this section, we establish the variational setting for our problem and give the variant fountain theorem. Let E = H T 1 be the usual Sobolev space with the inner product

We define the functional on E by

where Ψ ( u ) = ∫ 0 T W ( t , u ( t ) ) d t . Then Φ and Ψ are continuously differentiable and

Define a self-adjoint linear operator B : L 2 ( [ 0 , T ] ; R N ) → L 2 ( [ 0 , T ] ; R N ) by

with the domain D ( B ) = E . Then ℬ has a sequence of eigenvalues σ k = 4 k 2 π 2 T 2 ( k = 0 , 1 , 2 , … ). Let { e j } j = 0 + ∞ be the system of eigenfunctions corresponding to { σ j } j = 0 + ∞ , it forms an orthogonal basis in L 2 . Denote by E + = { u ∈ E | ∫ 0 T u ( t ) d t = 0 } , E 0 = R N , it is well known that

and E possesses orthogonal decomposition E = E 0 ⊕ E + . For u ∈ E , we have

We can define on E a new inner product and the associated norm by

and

Therefore, Φ can be written as

Direct computation shows that

for all u , v ∈ E with u = u 0 + u + and v = v 0 + v + respectively. It is known that Ψ ′ : E → E is compact.

Denote by | ⋅ | p the usual norm of L P , then there exists a τ p > 0 such that

We state an abstract critical point theorem founded in [8]. Let E be a Banach space with the norm ∥ ⋅ ∥ and E = ⨁ j ∈ N X j ¯ with dim X j < ∞ for any j ∈ N . Set Y k = ⨁ j = 1 k X j and Z k = ⨁ j = k ∞ X j ¯ . Consider the following C 1 -functional Φ λ : E → R defined by

Theorem 2.1 [[8], Theorem 2.2]

Assume that the functional Φ λ defined above satisfies the following:

(T₁) Φ λ maps bounded sets to bounded sets uniformly for λ ∈ [ 1 , 2 ] , and Φ λ ( − u ) = Φ λ ( u ) for all ( λ , u ) ∈ [ 1 , 2 ] × E ;

(T₂) B ( u ) ≥ 0 for all u ∈ E , and B ( u ) → ∞ as ∥ u ∥ → ∞ on any finite-dimensional subspace ofE;

(T₃) There exist ρ k > r k > 0 such that

and

Then there exist λ n → 1 , u λ n ∈ Y n such that

Particularly, if { u λ n } has a convergent subsequence for everyk, then Φ 1 has infinitely many nontrivial critical points { u k } ⊂ E ∖ { 0 } satisfying Φ 1 ( u k ) → 0 − as k → ∞ .

In order to apply this theorem to prove our main result, we define the functionals A, B and Φ λ on our working space E by

and

for all u = u 0 + u + ∈ E = E 0 + E + and λ ∈ [ 1 , 2 ] . Then Φ λ ∈ C 1 ( E , R ) for all λ ∈ [ 1 , 2 ] . Let X j = span { e j } , j = 0 , 1 , 2 , …  . Note that Φ 1 = Φ , where Φ is the functional defined in (2.1).

We firstly establish the following lemmas.

Lemma 3.1Assume that ( AQ 1 ′ ) and ( AQ 3 ′ ) hold. Then B ( u ) ≥ 0 for all u ∈ E and B ( u ) → ∞ as ∥ u ∥ → ∞ on any finite-dimensional subspace of E.

Proof Since W ( t , u ) ≥ 0 , by (2.4), it is obvious that B ( u ) ≥ 0 for all u ∈ E .

By the proof of Lemma 2.6 of [6], for any finite-dimensional subspace Y ⊂ E , there exists a constant ϵ > 0 such that

where m ( ⋅ ) is the Lebesgue measure.

For the ϵ given in (3.1), let

Then m ( Λ u ) ≥ ϵ . By ( AQ 3 ′ ), there exists a constant R 3 > R 1 ′ such that

where R 1 ′ is the constant given in (1.2). Note that

for any u ∈ Y with ∥ u ∥ ≥ R 3 / ϵ . Thus,

for any u ∈ Y with ∥ u ∥ ≥ R 3 / ϵ . This implies B ( u ) → ∞ as ∥ u ∥ → ∞ on Y. □

Lemma 3.2Assume that ( AQ 1 ′ ), (AQ₂) and ( AQ 3 ′ ) hold. Then there exist a positive integer k 1 and two sequences 0 < r k < ρ k → 0 as k → ∞ such that

and

where Y k = ⨁ j = 0 k X j = span { e 0 , e 1 , … , e k } and Z k = ⨁ j = k ∞ X j ¯ = span { e k , e k + 1 , … } ¯ for all k ∈ N .

Proof Comparing this lemma with Lemma 2.7 of [6], we find that these two lemmas have the same condition (AQ₂) which is the key in the proof of Lemma 2.7 of [6]. We can prove our lemma by using the same method of [6], so the details are omitted. □

Now it is the time to prove our main result Theorem 1.1.

Proof of Theorem 1.1 By virtue of (1.3), (2.3) and (2.5), Φ λ maps bounded sets to bounded sets uniformly for λ ∈ [ 1 , 2 ] . Obviously, Φ λ ( − u ) = Φ λ ( u ) for all ( λ , u ) ∈ [ 1 , 2 ] × E since W ( t , u ) is even in u. Consequently, the condition (T₁) of Theorem 2.1 holds. Lemma 3.1 shows that the condition (T₂) holds, whereas Lemma 3.2 implies that the condition (T₃) holds for all k ≥ k 1 , where k 1 is given there. Therefore, by Theorem 2.1, for each k ≥ k 1 , there exist λ n → 1 and u λ n ∈ Y n such that

For the sake of notational simplicity, in the following we always set u n = u λ n for all n ∈ N .

Step 1. We firstly prove that { u n } is bounded in E.

Since { u n } satisfies (3.7), one has

More precisely,

Now, we prove that { u n } is bounded. Otherwise, without loss of generality, we may assume that

Put z n = u n ∥ u n ∥ , we have ∥ z n ∥ = 1 . Going to a subsequence if necessary, we may assume that

By (1.3), we have

where c 1 = max s ∈ [ 0 , δ ] a ( s ) ∫ 0 T b ( t ) d t . Therefore, one obtains

Passing to the limit in the inequality, by using Φ λ n ( u n ) → η k and λ n → 1 as n → ∞ , we obtain

Thus, z ≠ 0 on a subset Ω of [ 0 , T ] with positive measure.

By (1.2), we have

and by the assumption (A), we obtain

where c 3 = ( 2 + R 1 ′ ) max [ 0 , R 1 ′ ] a ( s ) . So, we get

for all u ∈ R N and a.e. t ∈ [ 0 , T ] . Hence,

An application of Fatou’s lemma yields

which is a contradiction to (3.8).

Step 2. We prove that { u n } has a convergent subsequence in E.

Since { u n } is bounded in E, E is reflexible and dim E 0 < ∞ , without loss of generality, we assume

for some u 0 = u 0 0 + u 0 + ∈ E = E 0 ⊕ E + .

Note that

where P n : E → Y n is the orthogonal projection for all n ∈ N , that is,

In view of the compactness of Ψ ′ and (3.9), the right-hand side of (3.10) converges strongly in E and hence u n + → u 0 + in E. Together with (3.9), we have u n → u 0 in E.

Now, from the last assertion of Theorem 2.1, we know that Φ = Φ 1 has infinitely many nontrivial critical points. The proof is completed. □

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

HG wrote the first draft and TA corrected and improved the final version. All authors read and approved the final draft.

The authors thank the referee for his/her careful reading of the manuscript. The work is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61001139).

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