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Linear and nonlinear convolution elliptic equations

Abstract

In this paper, the separability properties of elliptic convolution operator equations are investigated. It is obtained that the corresponding convolution-elliptic operator is positive and also is a generator of an analytic semigroup. By using these results, the existence and uniqueness of maximal regular solution of the nonlinear convolution equation is obtained in L p spaces. In application, maximal regularity properties of anisotropic elliptic convolution equations are studied.

MSC:34G10, 45J05, 45K05.

1 Introduction

In recent years, maximal regularity properties for differential operator equations, especially parabolic and elliptic-type, have been studied extensively, e.g., in [113] and the references therein (for comprehensive references, see [13]). Moreover, in [14, 15], on embedding theorems and maximal regular differential operator equations in Banach-valued function spaces have been studied. Also, in [16, 17], on theorems on the multiplicators of Fourier integrals obtained, which were used in studying isotropic as well as anisotropic spaces of differentiable functions of many variables. In addition, multiplicators of Fourier integrals for the spaces of Banach valued functions were studied. On the basis of these results, embedding theorems are proved.

Moreover, convolution-differential equations (CDEs) have been treated, e.g., in [1, 1822] and [23]. Convolution operators in vector valued spaces are studied, e.g., in [2426] and [27]. However, the convolution-differential operator equations (CDOEs) are a relatively less investigated subject (see [13]). The main aim of the present paper is to establish the separability properties of the linear CDOE

| α | l a α D α u+(A+λ)u=f(x)
(1.1)

and the existence and uniqueness of the following nonlinear CDOE

| α | l a α D α u+Au=F ( x , D σ u ) +f(x),|σ|l1

in E-valued L p spaces, where A=A(x) is a possible unbounded operator in a Banach space E, and a α = a α (x) are complex-valued functions, and λ is a complex parameter. We prove that the problem (1.1) has a unique solution u, and the following coercive uniform estimate holds

| α | l |λ | 1 | α | l a α D α u L p ( R n ; E ) + A u L p ( R n ; E ) +|λ| u L p ( R n ; E ) C f L p ( R n ; E )

for all f L p ( R n ;E), p(1,) and λ S φ . The methods are based on operator-valued multiplier theorems, theory of elliptic operators, vector-valued convolution integrals, operator theory and etc. Maximal regularity properties for parabolic CDEs with bounded operator coefficients were investigated in [1].

2 Notations and background

Let L p (Ω;E) denote the space of all strongly measurable E-valued functions that are defined on the measurable subset Ω R n with the norm

f L p ( Ω ; E ) = ( f ( x ) E p d x ) 1 p , 1 p < , f L ( Ω ; E ) = ess sup x Ω [ f ( x ) E ] , x = ( x 1 , x 2 , , x n ) .

Let C be the set of complex numbers, and let

S φ = { λ ; | λ C , | arg λ | φ } {0},0φ<π.

A linear operator A=A(x), xΩ is said to be uniformly positive in a Banach space E if D(A(x)) is dense in E, does not depend on x, and there is a positive constant M so that

( A ( x ) + λ I ) 1 B ( E ) M ( 1 + | λ | ) 1

for every xΩ and λ S φ , φ[0,π), where I is an identity operator in E, and B(E) is the space of all bounded linear operators in E, equipped with the usual uniform operator topology. Sometimes, instead of A+λI, we write A+λ and denote it by A λ . It is known (see [28], §1.14.1) that there exist fractional powers A θ of the positive operator A. Let E( A θ ) denote the space D( A θ ) with the graphical norm

u E ( A θ ) = ( u p + A θ u p ) 1 p ,1p<,<θ<.

Let S( R n ;E) denote Schwartz class, i.e., the space of E-valued rapidly decreasing smooth functions on R n , equipped with its usual topology generated by semi-norms. S( R n ;C) denoted by just S. Let S ( R n ;E) denote the space of all continuous linear operators L:SE, equipped with the bounded convergence topology. Recall S( R n ;E) is norm dense in L p ( R n ;E) when 1p<.

Let α=( α 1 , α 2 ,, α n ), where α i are integers. An E-valued generalized function D α f is called a generalized derivative in the sense of Schwartz distributions of the function f S ( R n ,E) if the equality

( D α f ) (φ)= ( 1 ) | α | f ( D α φ )

holds for all φS.

Let F denote the Fourier transform. Through this section, the Fourier transformation of a function f will be denoted by f ˆ . It is known that

F ( D x α f ) = ( i ξ 1 ) α 1 ( i ξ n ) α n f ˆ , D ξ α ( F ( f ) ) =F [ ( i x n ) α 1 ( i x n ) α n f ]

for all f S ( R n ;E).

Let Ω be a domain in R n . C(Ω;E) and C ( m ) (Ω;E) will denote the spaces of E-valued bounded uniformly strongly continuous and m-times continuously differentiable functions on Ω, respectively. For E=C the space C ( m ) (Ω;E) will be denoted by C ( m ) (Ω). Suppose E 1 and E 2 are two Banach spaces. A function Ψ L ( R n ;B( E 1 , E 2 )) is called a multiplier from L p ( R n ; E 1 ) to L p ( R n ; E 2 ) if the map uTu= F 1 Ψ(ξ)Fu, uS( R n ; E 1 ) is well defined and extends to a bounded linear operator

T: L p ( R n ; E 1 ) L p ( R n ; E 2 ) .

Let Q denotes a set of some parameters. Let Φ h ={ Ψ h M p p ( E 1 , E 2 ),hQ} be a collection of multipliers in M p p ( E 1 , E 2 ). We say that W h is a collection of uniformly bounded multipliers (UBM) if there exists a positive constant M independent on hQ such that

F 1 Ψ h F u L p ( R n ; E 2 ) M u L p ( R n ; E 1 )

for all hQ and uS( R n ; E 1 ).

A Banach space E is called an UMD-space [29, 30] if the Hilbert operator

(Hf)(x)= lim ε 0 { | x y | > ε } f ( y ) x y dy

is bounded in L p (R,E), p(1,) [29]. The UMD spaces include, e.g., L p , l p spaces and Lorentz spaces L p q , p,q(1,).

A set WB( E 1 , E 2 ) is called R-bounded (see [5, 6, 12]) if there is a positive constant C such that

0 1 j = 1 m r j ( y ) T j u j E 2 dyC 0 1 j = 1 m r j ( y ) u j E 1 dy

for all T 1 , T 2 ,, T m W and u 1 , u 2 ,, u m E 1 , mN, where { r j } is a sequence of independent symmetric {1,1}-valued random variables on [0,1]. The smallest C, for which the above estimate holds, is called an R-bound of the collection W and denoted by R(W).

A set W h B( E 1 , E 2 ), dependent on parameters hQ, is called uniformly R-bounded with respect to h if there is a positive constant C, independent of hQ, such that for all T 1 (h), T 2 (h),, T m (h) W h and u 1 , u 2 ,, u m E 1 , mN

0 1 j = 1 m r j ( y ) T j ( h ) u j E 2 dyC 0 1 j = 1 m r j ( y ) u j E 1 dy.

This implies that sup h Q R( W h )C.

Definition 2.1 A Banach space E is said to be a space, satisfying the multiplier condition, if for any Ψ C ( n ) ( R n {0};B(E)) the R-boundedness of the set

{ | ξ | | β | D ξ β Ψ ( ξ ) : ξ R n 0 , β = ( β 1 , β 2 , , β n ) , β k { 0 , 1 } }

implies that Ψ is a Fourier multiplier, i.e., Ψ M p p (E) for any p(1,).

The uniform R-boundedness of the set

{ | ξ | | β | D β Ψ h ( ξ ) : ξ R n { 0 } , β { 0 , 1 } } ,

i.e.,

sup h Q R ( { | ξ | | β | D β Ψ h ( ξ ) : ξ R n 0 , β k { 0 , 1 } } ) C

implies that Ψ h is a uniformly bounded collection of Fourier multipliers (UBM) in L p ( R n ;E).

Remark 2.2 Note that if E is UMD space, then by virtue of [5, 7, 12, 25], it satisfies the multiplier condition. The UMD spaces satisfy the uniform multiplier condition (see Proposition 2.4).

Definition 2.3 A positive operator A is said to be a uniformly R-positive in a Banach space E if there exists φ[0,π) such that the set

L A = { ξ ( A + ξ ) 1 : ξ S φ }

is uniformly R-bounded.

Note that every norm bounded set in Hilbert spaces is R-bounded. Therefore, all sectorial operators in Hilbert spaces are R-positive.

Let hR, mN and e k , k=1,2,,n be standard unit vectors of R n ,

Δ k (h)f(x)=f(x+h e k )f(x),

and let A=A(x), x R n be a closed linear operator in E with domain D(A) independent of x. The Fourier transformation of A(x) is a linear operator with the same domain D(A) defined as

A ˆ u(φ)=Au( φ ˆ )for u S ( R n ; E ( A ) ) ,φS ( R n ) .

(For details see [[2], p.7].) Let A=A(x) be a closed linear operator in E with domain D(A) independent of x. Then, it is differentiable if there is the limit

( A x k ) u= lim h 0 Δ k ( h ) A ( x ) u h ,k=1,2,,n,uD(A)

in the sense of E-norm.

Let A=A(x), x R n be closed linear operator in E with domain D(A) independent of x and u S ( R n ,E). We can define the convolution Au in the distribution sense by

Au(x)= R n A(xy)u(y)dy= R n A(y)u(xy)dy

(see [2]).

Let E 0 and E be two Banach spaces, where E 0 is continuously and densely embedded into E. Let l be a integer number. W p l ( R n ; E 0 ,E) denote the space of all functions from S ( R n ; E 0 ) such that u L p ( R n ; E 0 ) and the generalized derivatives D k l u L p ( R n ;E) with the following norm

u W p l ( R n ; E 0 , E ) = u L p ( R n ; E 0 ) + k = 1 n D k l u L p ( R n ; E ) <.

It is clearly seen that

W p l ( R n ; E 0 , E ) = W p l ( R n ; E ) L p ( R n ; E 0 ) .

A function u W p l ( R n ;E(A),E) satisfying the equation (1.1) a.e. on R n , is called a solution of equation (1.1).

The elliptic CDOE (1.1) is said to be separable in L p ( R n ;E) if for f L p ( R n ;E) the equation (1.1) has a unique solution u, and the following coercive estimate holds

| α | l a α D α u L p ( R n ; E ) + A u L p ( R n ; E ) C f L p ( R n ; E ) ,

where the constant C do not depend on f.

In a similar way as Theorem A 0 in [31], Theorem A 0 and by reasoning as Theorem 3.7 in [7], we obtain the following.

Proposition 2.4 Let E be UMD space, Ψ h C n ( R n {0};B(E)) and suppose there is a positive constant K such that

sup h Q R ( { | ξ | | β | D β Ψ h ( ξ ) : ξ R n { 0 } , β k { 0 , 1 } } ) K.

Then Ψ h is UBM in L p ( R n ;E) for p(1,).

Proof Really, some steps of proof trivially work for the parameter dependent case (see [7]). Other steps can be easily shown by setting

ϕ h = { | ξ | | β | D β Ψ h ( ξ ) : ξ R n { 0 } , β k { 0 , 1 } }

instead of

{ | ξ | | β | D β Ψ ( ξ ) : ξ R n { 0 } , β k { 0 , 1 } }

and by using uniformly R-boundedness of set ϕ h . However, parameter depended analog of Proposition 3.4 in [7] is not straightforward. Let M h and M h , N L 1 loc ( R n ,B(E)) be Fourier multipliers in L p ( R n ;E). Let M h , N converge to M h in L 1 loc ( R n ,B(E)), and let T h , N = F 1 M h , N F be uniformly bounded with respect to h and N. Then by reasoning as Proposition 3.4 in [7], we obtain that the operator function T h = F 1 M h F= lim N F 1 M h , N F is uniformly bounded with respect to h. Hence, by using steps above, in a similar way as Theorem 3.7 in [7], we obtain the assertion.

Let E 1 and E 2 be two Banach spaces. Suppose that TB( E 1 , E 2 ) and 1p<. Then T ˜ B( L p ( R n ; E 1 ), L p ( R n ; E 2 )) will denote operator ( T ˜ f)(x)=T(f(x)) for f L p ( R n ; E 1 ) and x R n . □

In a similar way as Proposition 2.11 in [12], we have

Proposition 2.5 Let 1p<. If WB( E 1 , E 2 ) is R-bounded, then the collection W ˜ ={ T ˜ :TW}B( L p ( R n ; E 1 ), L p ( R n ; E 2 )) is also R-bounded.

From [11], we obtain the following.

Theorem 2.6 Let the following conditions be satisfied

  1. 1.

    E is a Banach space satisfying the uniform multiplier condition, p(1,) and 0<h h 0 < are certain parameters;

  2. 2.

    l is a positive integer, and α=( α 1 , α 2 ,, α n ) are n-tuples of nonnegative integer numbers such that ϰ= | α | l <1, 0μ<1ϰ;

  3. 3.

    A is an R-positive operator in E with 0φ<π.

Then the embedding D α W p l ( R n ;E(A),E) L p ( R n ;E( A 1 ϰ μ )) is continuous, and there exists a positive constant C μ such that

D α u L p ( R n ; E ( A 1 ϰ μ ) ) C μ [ h μ u W p l ( R n ; E ( A ) , E ) + h ( 1 μ ) u L p ( R n ; E ) ] .

Theorem 2.7 Let the following conditions be satisfied

  1. 1.

    E is a Banach space satisfying the uniform multiplier condition, p(1,) and 0<h h 0 < are certain parameters;

  2. 2.

    l is a positive integer, and α=( α 1 , α 2 ,, α n ) are n-tuples of nonnegative integer numbers such that ϰ= p | α | + n p l <1, 0μ<1ϰ;

  3. 3.

    A is an R-positive operator in E with 0φ<π.

Then the embedding D α W p l ( R n ;E(A),E)C( R n ;E( A 1 ϰ μ )) is continuous, and there exists a positive constant C μ such that

D α u C ( R n ; E ( A 1 ϰ μ ) ) C μ [ h μ u W p l ( R n ; E ( A ) , E ) + h ( 1 μ ) u L p ( R n ; E ) ]

for all u W p l ( R n ;E(A),E).

3 Elliptic CDOE

Condition 3.1 Assume that a α L ( R n ) and the following hold

L(ξ)= | α | l a α (ξ) ( i ξ ) α S φ 1 ,|L(ξ)|C k = 1 n | a k || ξ k | l ,

where φ 1 [0,π), ξ=( ξ 1 , ξ 2 ,, ξ n ) R n .

In the following, we denote the operator functions by σ i (ξ,λ) for i=0,1,2.

Lemma 3.2 Assume Condition 3.1 holds, and A(ξ) is a uniformly φ-positive operator in E with 0φ<π φ 1 . Then, the following operator functions

σ 0 ( ξ , λ ) = λ D ( ξ , λ ) , σ 1 ( ξ , λ ) = A ( ξ ) D ( ξ , λ ) , σ 2 ( ξ , λ ) = | α | l | λ | 1 | α | l a α ( ξ ) ( i ξ ) α D ( ξ , λ )

are uniformly bounded, where D(ξ,λ)= [ A ( ξ ) + L ( ξ ) + λ ] 1 .

Proof By virtue of Lemma 2.3 in [4] for L(ξ) S φ 1 , λ S φ and φ 1 +φ<π there is a positive constant C such that

|λ+L(ξ)|C ( | λ | + | L ( ξ ) | ) .
(3.1)

Since L(ξ) S φ 1 , in view of (3.1) and resolvent properties of positive operators, we get that A(ξ)+L(ξ)+λ is invertible and

σ 0 ( ξ , λ ) B ( E ) M | λ | [ 1 + | λ | + | L ( ξ ) | ] 1 M 0 , σ 1 ( ξ , λ ) B ( E ) = I ( λ + L ( ξ ) ) D ( ξ , λ ) B ( E ) 1 + M | λ + L ( ξ ) | ( 1 + | λ + L ( ξ ) | ) 1 M 1 .

Next, let us consider σ 2 . It is clearly seen that

σ 2 ( ξ , λ ) B ( E ) C | α | l |λ| [ | ξ | | λ | 1 l ] | α | D ( ξ , λ ) B ( E ) .
(3.2)

Since A is uniformly φ-positive and L(ξ) S φ 1 , then setting y k = ( | λ | 1 l | ξ k | ) α k in the following well-known inequality

y 1 α 1 y 2 α 2 y n α n C ( 1 + k = 1 n y k l ) , y k 0,|α|l,
(3.3)

we obtain

σ 2 ( ξ , λ ) B ( E ) C | α | l |λ| [ 1 + k = 1 n | ξ k | l | λ | 1 ] [ 1 + | λ + L ( ξ ) | ] 1 .

Taking into account the Condition 3.1 and (3.1)-(3.3), we get

σ 2 ( ξ , λ ) B ( E ) C ( | λ | + k = 1 n | ξ k | l ) [ 1 + | λ | + | L ( ξ ) | ] 1 C.

 □

Lemma 3.3 Assume Condition 3.1 holds, and a α C ( n ) ( R n ). Let A(ξ) be a uniformly φ-positive operator in a Banach space E with 0φ<π φ 1 , [ D β A(ξ)] A 1 (ξ)C( R n ;B(E)) and let

|ξ | β | D β a α (ξ)| C 1 , β k {0,1},ξ R n {0},0|β|n,
(3.4)
| ξ | β [ D β A ( ξ ) ] A 1 ( ξ ) B ( E ) C 2 , β k {0,1},ξ R n {0}.
(3.5)

Then, operator functions |ξ | β D β σ i (ξ,λ) are uniformly bounded.

Proof Let us first prove that ξ k σ 1 ξ k is uniformly bounded. Really,

ξ k σ 1 ξ k B ( E ) I 1 B ( E ) + I 2 B ( E ) + I 3 B ( E ) ,

where

I 1 = [ ξ k A ( ξ ) ξ k ] D(ξ,λ), I 2 =A(ξ) [ ξ k A ( ξ ) ξ k ] [ D ( ξ , λ ) ] 2

and

I 3 =A(ξ) [ ξ k L ( ξ ) ξ k ] D 2 (ξ,λ).

By using (3.1) and (3.5), we get

I 1 B ( E ) [ ξ k A ( ξ ) ξ k ] A 1 ( ξ ) B ( E ) σ 1 B ( E ) C.

Due to positivity of A, by using (3.1) and (3.5), we obtain

I 2 B ( E ) [ ξ k A ( ξ ) ξ k ] A 1 ( ξ ) B ( E ) σ 1 B ( E ) 2 C.

Since, A(ξ) is uniformly φ-positive, by using (3.1), (3.3) and (3.4) for λS(φ) and φ 1 +φ<π, we get

I 3 B ( E ) | ξ k L ξ k | D ( ξ , λ ) B ( E ) σ 1 ( ξ , λ ) B ( E ) C.

In a similar way, the uniform boundedness of σ 0 (ξ,λ) is proved. Next, we shall prove ξ k σ 2 ξ k is uniformly bounded. Similarly,

ξ k σ 2 ξ k B ( E ) J 1 B ( E ) + J 2 B ( E ) ,

where

J 1 = | α | l | λ | 1 | α | l ( ξ k a α ξ k ) [ ( i ξ ) α + a α ( ξ ) i α k ( i ξ ) α ] D ( ξ , λ ) , J 2 = | α | l | λ | 1 | α | l a α ( ξ ) ( i ξ ) α [ ξ k a α ξ k + a α ( ξ ) ( i ξ ) α + ξ k A ( ξ ) ξ k ] [ D ( ξ , λ ) ] 2 .

Let us first show that J 1 is uniformly bounded. It is clear that

J 1 B ( E ) | α | l | ξ k a α ξ k | ξ α | λ | 1 | α | l D ( ξ , λ ) B ( E ) .

Due to positivity of A, by virtue of (3.1) and (3.3)-(3.5), we obtain J 1 B ( E ) C. In a similar way, we have J 2 B ( E ) C. Hence, operator functions ξ k σ i ξ k , i=0,1,2 are uniformly bounded. From the representations of σ i (ξ,λ), it easy to see that operator functions |ξ | β D β σ i (ξ,λ) contain similar terms as I k , namely, the functions |ξ | β D β σ i (ξ,λ) will be represented as combinations of principal terms

ξ σ [ D ξ γ A ( ξ ) + D ξ γ a α ( ξ ) ] [ D ( ξ , λ ) ] | β | , | α | l | λ | 1 | α | l ξ σ D ξ γ [ A ( ξ ) + a α ( ξ ) ] [ D ( ξ , λ ) ] | β | ,
(3.6)

where |σ|+|γ||β|. Therefore, by using similar arguments as above and in view of (3.6), one can easily check that

|ξ | β D β σ i ( ξ , λ ) C,i=0,1,2.

 □

Lemma 3.4 Let all conditions of the Lemma 3.2 hold. Suppose that E is a Banach space satisfying the uniform multiplier condition, and A(ξ) is a uniformly R positive operator in E. Then, the following sets

S 0 ( ξ , λ ) = { | ξ | β D ξ β σ 0 ( ξ , λ ) ; ξ R n { 0 } } , S 1 ( ξ , λ ) = { | ξ | β D ξ β σ 1 ( ξ , λ ) ; ξ R n { 0 } } , S 2 ( ξ , λ ) = { | ξ | β D ξ β σ 2 ( ξ , λ ) ; ξ R n { 0 } }

are uniformly R-bounded for β k {0,1} and 0|β|n.

Proof Due to R-positivity of A we obtain that the set

B 1 (ξ,λ)= { [ λ + L ( ξ ) ] D ( ξ , λ ) ; ξ R n { 0 } }

is R bounded. Since

Iσ(ξ,λ)=AD(ξ,λ),σ(ξ,λ)= [ λ + L ( ξ ) ] D(ξ,λ),

the set B 2 (ξ,λ)={AD(ξ,λ);ξ R n {0}} is R -bounded. Moreover, in view of Condition 3.1 and (3.1), there is a positive constant M such that

|λ||λ+L(ξ) | 1 M.

Then, by virtue of Kahane’s contraction principle, Lemma 3.5 in [5], we obtain that the set B 3 (ξ,λ)={λD(ξ,λ);ξ R n {0}} is uniformly R-bounded. Then by Lemma 3.2, we obtain the uniform R-boundedness of sets B k (ξ,λ), i.e,

sup λ R { B k ( ξ , λ ) } M k ,k=1,2,3.
(3.7)

Moreover, due to boundedness of a α (ξ), in view of Condition 3.1 and by virtue of (3.1) and (3.3), we obtain

| α l |λ | 1 | α | l a α (ξ) ( i ξ ) α | C 1 ( 1 + | λ | + | L ( ξ ) | ) C ( 1 + | λ + L ( ξ ) | ) .
(3.8)

In view of representation (3.6) and estimate (3.8), we need to show uniform R-boundedness of the following sets

{ ξ σ [ D ξ γ A ( ξ ) + D ξ γ a α ( ξ ) ] [ D ( ξ , λ ) ] | β | ; ξ R n { 0 } } , { | α | l | λ | 1 | α | l ξ σ [ D ξ γ A ( ξ ) + D ξ γ a α ( ξ ) ] [ D ( ξ , λ ) ] | β | ; ξ R n { 0 } }

for |σ|+|γ||β|. By virtue of Kahane’s contraction principle, additional and product properties of R-bounded operators, see, e.g., Lemma 3.5, Proposition 3.4 in [5], and in view of (3.7), it is sufficient to prove uniform R-boundedness of the following set

B(ξ,λ)= { Q ( ξ , λ ) ; ξ R n { 0 } } ,Q(ξ,λ)= | α | l |λ | 1 | α | l a α (ξ) ξ α D(ξ,λ).

Since

Q(ξ,λ)= | α | l |λ | 1 | α | l a α (ξ) ξ α [ λ + L ( ξ ) ] 1 σ(ξ,λ),

thanks to R-boundedness of B 2 (ξ,λ), we have

0 1 j = 1 m r j ( y ) σ ( η j , λ ) u j E dyC 0 1 j = 1 m r j ( y ) u j E dy
(3.9)

for all ξ 1 , ξ 2 ,, ξ m R n , η j =( ξ j 1 , ξ j 2 ,, ξ j n ) R n , u 1 , u 2 ,, u m E, mN, where { r j } is a sequence of independent symmetric {1,1}-valued random variables on [0,1]. Thus, in view of Kahane’s contraction principle, additional and product properties of R-bounded operators and (3.9), we obtain

0 1 j = 1 m r j ( y ) Q ( η j , λ ) u j E dyC 0 1 j = 1 m σ ( η j , λ ) r j ( y ) u j E dy
(3.10)
C 0 1 j = 1 m r j ( y ) u j E dy.
(3.11)

The estimate (3.10) implies R-boundedness of the set B(ξ,λ). Moreover, from Lemma 3.2, we get

sup λ R { Q ( ξ , λ ) : ξ R n { 0 } } C,

i.e., we obtain the assertion. □

The following result is the corollary of Lemma 3.4 and Proposition 2.4.

Result 3.5 Suppose that all conditions of Lemma 3.3 are satisfied, E is UMD space, and A(ξ) is a uniformly R-positive operator in E. Then the sets S i (ξ,λ), i=0,1,2 are uniformly R-bounded.

Now, we are ready to present our main results. We find sufficient conditions that guarantee separability of problem (1.1).

Condition 3.6 Suppose that the following are satisfied

  1. 1.

    For φ 1 [0,π) and ξ R n , L(ξ)= | α | l a ˆ α (ξ) ( i ξ ) α S φ 1 , |L(ξ)|C k = 1 n | a ˆ k ξ k | l ;

  2. 2.

    a ˆ α C ( n ) ( R n ) and |ξ | β | D β a ˆ α (ξ)| C 1 , β k {0,1}, 0|β|n;

  3. 3.

    For 0|β|n and ξ R n {0},

    [ D β A ˆ ( ξ ) ] A ˆ 1 (ξ)C ( R n ; B ( E ) ) ,|ξ | β [ D β A ˆ ( ξ ) ] A ˆ 1 ( ξ ) B ( E ) C 2 .

Theorem 3.7 Suppose that Condition 3.6 holds, and E is a Banach space satisfying the uniform multiplier condition. Let A ˆ be a uniformly R-positive in E with 0φ<π φ 1 . Then, problem (1.1) has a unique solution u, and the following coercive uniform estimate holds

| α | l | λ | 1 | α | l a α D α u L p ( R n ; E ) + A u L p ( R n ; E ) + | λ | u L p ( R n ; E ) C f L p ( R n ; E )
(3.12)

for all f L p ( R n ;E), p(1,) and λ S φ .

Proof By applying the Fourier transform to equation (1.1), we get

u ˆ (ξ)=D(ξ,λ) f ˆ (ξ),D(ξ,λ)= [ A ˆ ( ξ ) + L ( ξ ) + λ ] 1 .

Hence, the solution of equation (1.1) can be represented as u(x)= F 1 D(ξ,λ) f ˆ . Then there are positive constants C 1 and C 2 , so that

C 1 | λ | u L p ( R n ; E ) F 1 [ σ 0 ( ξ , λ ) f ˆ ] L p ( R n ; E ) C 2 | λ | u L p ( R n ; E ) , C 1 A u L p ( R n ; E ) F 1 [ σ 1 ( ξ , λ ) f ˆ ] L p ( R n ; E ) C 2 A u L p ( R n ; E ) , C 1 | α | l | λ | 1 | α | l a α D α u L p ( R n ; E ) F 1 [ σ 2 ( ξ , λ ) f ˆ ] L p ( R n ; E ) C 2 | α | l | λ | 1 | α | l a α D α u L p ( R n ; E ) ,
(3.13)

where σ i (ξ,λ) are operator functions defined in Lemma 3.3. Therefore, it is sufficient to show that the operator-functions σ i (ξ,λ) are UBM in L p ( R n ;E). However, these follow from Lemma 3.4. Thus, from (3.13), we obtain

| λ | u L p ( R n ; E ) C 0 f L p ( R n ; E ) , A u L p ( R n ; E ) C 1 f L p ( R n ; E ) , | α | l | λ | 1 | α | l a α D α u L p ( R n ; E ) C 2 f L p ( R n ; E )

for all f L p ( R n ;E). Hence, we get assertion.

Let O be an operator in X= L p ( R n ;E) that is generated by the problem (1.1) for λ=0, i.e.,

D(O) W p l ( R n ; E ( A ) , E ) ,Ou= | α | l a α D α +Au.

 □

Result 3.8 Theorem 2.6 implies that the operator O is separable in X, i.e., for all fX, all terms of equation (1.1) also are from X, and for solution u of equation (1.1), there are positive constants C 1 and C 2 so that

C 1 O u X | α | l a α D α u X + A u X C 2 O u X .

Condition 3.9 Let D(A)=D( A ˆ )=D( A ˆ ( ξ 0 )) for ξ 0 R n . Moreover, there are positive constants C 1 and C 2 so that for uD(A), x R n

C 1 A ˆ ( ξ 0 ) u A ( x ) u C 2 A ˆ ( ξ 0 ) u .

Remark 3.10 Condition 3.9 is checked for the regular elliptic operators with smooth coefficients on sufficiently smooth domains Ω R m considered in the Banach space E= L p 1 (Ω), p 1 (1,) (see Theorem 5.1).

Theorem 3.11 Assume that all conditions of Theorem 3.7 and Condition 3.9 are satisfied. Let E be a Banach space satisfying the uniform multiplier condition. Then, problem (1.1) has a unique solution u W p l ( R n ;E(A),E), and the following coercive uniform estimate holds

| α | l |λ | 1 | α | l D α u L p ( R n ; E ) + A u L p ( R n ; E ) M f L p ( R n ; E )

for all f L p ( R n ;E), p(1,) and λS(φ).

Proof By applying the Fourier transform to equation (1.1), we obtain D(ξ,λ) u ˆ (ξ)= f ˆ (ξ), where

D(ξ,λ)= [ A ˆ ( ξ ) + L ( ξ ) + λ ] 1 .

So, we obtain that the solution of equation (1.1) can be represented as u(x)= F 1 D(ξ,λ) f ˆ . Moreover, by Condition 3.9, we have

A F 1 D ( ξ , λ ) f ˆ L p ( R n ; E ) M A ˆ ( ξ 0 ) F 1 D ( ξ , λ ) f ˆ L p ( R n ; E ) .

Hence, by using estimates (3.12), it is sufficient to show that the operator functions | α | l |λ | 1 | α | l ξ α D(ξ,λ) and A ˆ ( ξ 0 )D(ξ,λ) are UBM in L p ( R n ;E). Really, in view of Condition 3.9, and uniformly R-positivity of A ˆ , these are proved by reasoning as in Lemma 3.4. □

Condition 3.12 There are positive constants C 1 and C 2 such that

C 1 k = 1 n | a k ξ k | l |L(ξ)| C 2 k = 1 n | a k ξ k | l

for ξ R n and

C 1 A ( x 0 ) u A ( x ) u C 2 A ( x 0 ) u

in cases, where D(A)=D( A ˆ )=D(A( x 0 )), A ˆ (ξ) A 1 ( x 0 ) L ( R n ;B(E)) for ξ,x, x 0 R n and uD(A).

Theorem 3.13 Let all conditions of Theorem 3.11 and Condition 3.12 hold. Then for u W p l ( R n ;E(A),E), there are positive constants M 1 and M 2 , so that

M 1 u W p l ( R n ; E ( A ) , E ) | α | l a α D α u X + A u X M 2 u W p l ( R n ; E ( A ) , E ) .

Proof The left part of the inequality above is derived from Theorem 3.11. So, it remains to prove the right side of the estimate. Really, from Condition 3.12 for u W p l ( R n ;E(A),E) we have

A u X M F 1 A ˆ u ˆ X C F 1 A ˆ A 1 ( x 0 ) A ( x 0 ) u ˆ X C F 1 A ( x 0 ) u ˆ X C A u X .

Hence, applying the Fourier transform to equation (1.1), and by reasoning as Theorem 3.11, it is sufficient to prove that the function

| α | l a ˆ α ξ α [ k = 1 n ξ k l k ] 1

is a multiplier in L p ( R n ;E). In fact, by using Condition 3.12 and the proof of Lemma 3.2, we get desired result. □

Result 3.14 Theorem 3.13 implies that for all u W p l ( R n ;E(A),E), there are positive constants C 1 and C 2 , so that

C 1 u W p l ( R n ; E ( A ) , E ) O u L p ( R n ; E ) C 2 u W p l ( R n ; E ( A ) , E ) .

From Theorem 3.7, we have the following.

Result 3.15 Assume all conditions of Theorem 3.7 hold. Then, for all λ S φ , the resolvent of operator O exists, and the following sharp estimate holds

| α | l |λ | 1 | α | l a α D α ( O + λ ) 1 B ( X ) + A ( O + λ ) 1 B ( X ) + λ ( O + λ ) 1 B ( X ) C.

Result 3.16 Theorem 3.7 particularly implies that the operator O+a for a>0 is positive in L p ( R n ;E), i.e., if A ˆ is uniformly R-positive for φ( π 2 ,π), then (see, e.g., [28], § 1.14.5) the operator O+a is a generator of an analytic semigroup in L p ( R n ;E).

From Theorems 3.7, 3.11, 3.13 and Proposition 2.4, we obtain the following.

Result 3.17 Let conditions of Theorems 3.7, 3.11, 3.13 hold for Banach spaces EUMD, respectively. Then assertions of Theorems 3.7, 3.11, 3.13 are valid.

4 The quasilinear CDOE

Consider the equations

| α | = l a α D α u+ ( A D σ u ) u=F ( x , D σ u ) +f(x),x R n
(4.1)

in E-valued L p spaces, where A=A(x) is a possible unbounded operator in Banach space E, a α = a α (x) are complex-valued functions, and D σ denote all differential operators that |σ|l1. Let

X = L p ( R n ; E ) , Y = W p l ( R n ; E ( A ) , E ) , E j = ( E ( A ) , E ) ϰ σ , p , ϰ σ = p | σ | + 1 p l , E 0 = | σ | < l 1 E ϰ σ .

Remark 4.1 By using Theorem 2.7, we obtain that the embedding D ϰ σ Y E ϰ σ is continuous, and by trace theorem [32] (or [19]) for wY, W={ w ϰ σ }, w ϰ σ = D σ w(), |σ|<l1,

| σ | < l 1 D σ w C ( ( R n ) , E ϰ σ ) = | σ | < l 1 sup x R n D j w ( x ) E ϰ σ w Y , E r = { υ E 0 , υ E 0 r } , 0 < r r 0 .

Let A(x,0) denote by A 0 (x). Consider the linear CDOE

| α | = l a α D α w+ A 0 w=Q(x).
(4.2)

From Theorem 3.7, we conclude that problem (4.2) has a unique solution w W p l ( R n ;E(A),E), and the coercive uniform estimate holds

| α | l D α w L p ( R n ; E ) + A 0 w L p ( R n ; E ) M f L p ( R n ; E )
(4.3)

for all Q L p ( R n ;E), p(1,).

Condition 4.2 Assume that all conditions of Theorem 3.11 are satisfied for A= A 0 and a α L 1 < 1 2 . Suppose that

  1. 1.

    The function: υA(x,υ) is a Lipschitz function from E 0 to B(E(A),E), i.e.,

    A ( x , u ) A ( x , υ ) B ( E ( A ) , E ) L u υ E 0

for all x R n ;

  1. 2.

    F: R n × E 0 E is a measurable function for each u, u ¯ E r 0 , u={ υ ϰ σ }, u ¯ ={ u ¯ ϰ σ }, u ϰ σ , u ¯ ϰ σ E ϰ σ , and F(x,) is continuous with respect to x R n , F(x,0)X. Moreover, there exists g i (x) such that

    F ( x , u ) E g 1 ( x ) u E 0 , F ( x , u ) F ( x , u ¯ ) E g 2 ( x ) u u ¯ E 0 ,

for all x R n , u,υ E r 0 , g i L p ( R n ) and g i L p ( R n ) M 1 , i=1,2.

Theorem 4.3 Let Condition 4.2 hold. Then, there exist a radius 0<r r 0 and δ>0 such that for each f L p ( R n ,E) with f L p ( R n E ) δ there exists a unique u W p l ( R n ;E(A),E) with u W p l ( R n ; E ( A ) , E ) r satisfying equation (3.13).

Proof We want to to solve problem (4.1) locally by means of maximal regularity of the linear problem (4.2) via the contraction mapping theorem. For this purpose, let w be a solution of the linear BVP (4.2). Consider the following ball

B r = { υ Y , υ Y r } .

Let f L p ( R n ;E) such that f L p ( R n ) δ. Let υY, υ Y r.

Define a map G on B r by

Gυ=u,
(4.4)

where u is a solution of problem (4.1). We want to show that Q( B r ) B r , and that L is a contraction operator in Y. Consider the function

Q(x)= ( ( A 0 A ) D σ υ ) υ+F ( x , D σ υ ) +f(x).

We claim that QX, moreover, δ and g i can be chosen such that M Q X δ. In fact, since by Theorem 2.7, υC( R n ; E ϰ σ ), and one has

A(x,u) A 0 (x)C ( R n ; B ( E ( A 0 ) , E ) ) .

Thus, Q is measurable and

Q E L υ C ( R n ; E ϰ σ ) υ E ( A 0 ) + g 1 (x) υ C ( R n ; E ϰ σ ) + f X .

Now, by Remark 4.1, υ C ( R n ; E ϰ σ ) υ Y r, by choosing MLr+M h 1 L p < 1 2 and δ=r( 1 2 M 1 Lr h 1 L p ), it follows that

M Q Y M [ L r υ L p ( R n E ) + r h 1 L p + δ ] M [ L r 2 + r h 1 L p + δ ] < 1 2 r .

Moreover, by Theorem 3.11 and by embedding Theorem 2.6, we get

| α | = l a α D α υ L p ( R n E ) < 1 2 r.

Thus, G maps the set B r to B r . Let us show that G is a strict contraction. Let

u 1 =G υ 1 , u 2 =G υ 2 , υ 1 , υ 2 B r .

It is clearly seen that u 1 u 2 is a solution of the linear problem (4.2) for

Q= ( ( A 0 A ) D σ υ ) υ+F ( x , D σ υ ) .

Then, by using estimate (4.3) and reasoning as above, we get

u 1 u 2 Y M Q X M { L r υ 1 υ 2 X + L υ 1 υ 2 Y υ 1 L p ( R n ; E ( A 0 ) ) h 2 L p υ 1 υ 2 Y } M ( 2 L r + h 2 L p ) υ 1 υ 2 Y .

Choose h 2 , so that h 2 L p < 1 M 2Lr, we obtain that G is a strict contraction. Then by virtue of contraction mapping principle, we obtain that problem (4.1) has a unique solution u W p l ( R n ;E(A),E). □

5 Boundary value problems for integro-differential equations

In this section, by applying Theorem 3.7, the BVP for the anisotropic type convolution equations is studied. The maximal regularity of this problem in mixed L p norms is derived. In this direction, we can mention, e.g., the works [2, 18, 21] and [33].

Let Ω ˜ = R n ×Ω, where Ω R μ is an open connected set with a compact C 2 m -boundary Ω. Consider the BVP for integro-differential equation

(L+λ)u= | α | l a α D α u+ | α | 2 m ( b α η α D y α + λ ) u=f(x,y),x R n ,yΩ,
(5.1)
B j u= | β | m j b j β (y) D y β u(x,y)=0,yΩ,j=1,2,,m,
(5.2)

where

D j = i y j , y = ( y 1 , , y μ ) , b α = b α ( x ) , η α = η α ( y ) , a α = a α ( x ) , α = ( α 1 , α 2 , , α n ) , a α = a α ( x ) , u = u ( x , y ) .

In general, l2m, so equation (4.4) is anisotropic. For l=2m, we get isotropic equation. If Ω ˜ = R n ×Ω, p=( p 1 ,p), L p ( Ω ˜ ) will denote the space of all p-summable scalar-valued functions with a mixed norm (see, e.g., [34]), i.e., the space of all measurable functions f defined on Ω ˜ , for which

f L p ( Ω ˜ ) = ( R n ( Ω | f ( x , y ) | p 1 d x ) p p 1 d y ) 1 p <.

Analogously, W p l ( Ω ˜ ) denotes the Sobolev space with a corresponding mixed norm [34]. Let Q denote the operator, generated by problem (4.4) and (5.1). In this section, we present the following result.

Theorem 5.1 Let the following conditions be satisfied

  1. 1.

    η α C( Ω ¯ ) for each |α|=2m and η α L (Ω)+ L r k (Ω) for each |α|=k<2m with r k p 1 , p 1 (1,) and 2mk> l r k , ν α L ;

  2. 2.

    b j β C 2 m m j (Ω) for each j,β, m j <2m, p(1,), λ S φ , φ[0,π);

  3. 3.

    For y Ω ¯ , ξ R μ , σ S φ 0 , φ 0 (0, π 2 ), |ξ|+|σ|0 let σ+ | α | = 2 m η α (y) ξ α 0;

  4. 4.

    For each y 0 Ω local BVP in local coordinates corresponding to y 0

    σ + | α | = 2 m η α ( y 0 ) D α ϑ ( y ) = 0 , B j 0 ϑ = | β | = m j b j β ( y 0 ) D β ϑ ( y ) = h j , j = 1 , 2 , , m

has a unique solution ϑ C 0 ( R + ) for all h=( h 1 , h 2 ,, h m ) R m and for ξ R μ 1 with | ξ |+|λ|0;

  1. 5.

    The (1) part of Condition 3.6 is satisfied, a ˆ α , b ˆ α C ( n ) ( R n ), and there are positive constants C i , i=1,2, so that

    | ξ | β | D β a ˆ α ( ξ ) | C 1 , | ξ | β | D β b ˆ α ( ξ ) | C 2 | b ˆ α ( ξ ) | , ξ R n { 0 } , β k { 0 , 1 } , 0 | β | n .

Then, for f W p l ( Ω ˜ ) and λ S φ problems (4.4) and (5.1) have a unique solution u W p l ( Ω ˜ ), and the following coercive uniform estimate holds

| α | l |λ | 1 | α | l a α D α u L p ( Ω ˜ ) + | λ | u L p ( Ω ˜ ) + | α | 2 m b α η α D α u L p ( Ω ˜ ) C f L p ( Ω ˜ ) .

Proof Let E= L p 1 (Ω). It is known [29] that L p 1 (Ω) is UMD space for p 1 (1,). Consider the operator A in L p 1 (Ω), defined by

D(A)= W p 1 2 m (Ω; B j u=0),A(x)u= | α | 2 m b α (x) η α (y) D α u(y).
(5.3)

Therefore, problems (4.4) and (5.1) can be rewritten in the form of (1.1), where u(x)=u(x,), f(x)=f(x,) are functions with values in E= L p 1 (Ω). It is easy to see that A ˆ (ξ) and D β A ˆ (ξ) are operators in L p 1 (Ω) defined by

D ( A ˆ ) = D ( D β A ˆ ) = W p 1 2 m ( Ω ; B j u = 0 ) , A ˆ ( ξ ) u = | α | 2 m b ˆ α ( ξ ) η α ( y ) D α u ( y ) , D ξ β A ˆ ( ξ ) u = | α | 2 m D ξ β b ˆ α ( ξ ) η α ( y ) D α u ( y ) .
(5.4)

In view of conditions and by [[5], Theorem 8.2] operators A ˆ (ξ)+μ and D β A ˆ (ξ)+μ for sufficiently large μ>0, are uniformly R-positive in L p 1 (Ω). Moreover, by (3.3), the problems

μ u ( y ) + | α | 2 m b ˆ α ( ξ ) η α ( y ) D α u ( y ) = f ( y ) , B j u = | β | m j b j β ( y ) D β u ( y ) = 0 , j = 1 , 2 , , m ,
(5.5)
μ u ( y ) + α 2 m D β b ˆ α ( ξ ) η α ( y ) D α u ( y ) = f ( y ) , B j u = | β | m j b j β ( y ) D β u ( y ) = 0 , j = 1 , 2 , , m
(5.6)

for f L p 1 (Ω) and for sufficiently large μ, have unique solutions that belong to W p 1 l (Ω), and the coercive estimates hold

u W p 1 l ( Ω ) C ( A ˆ + μ ) u L p 1 ( Ω ) , u W p 1 2 m ( Ω ) C ( D β A ˆ + μ ) u L p 1 ( Ω )

for solutions of problems (5.4) and (5.5). Then in view of (5) condition and by virtue of embedding theorems [34], we obtain

( A ˆ + μ ) u L p 1 ( Ω ) C u W p 1 2 m ( Ω ) C ( A ˆ + μ ) u L p 1 ( Ω ) , ( D β A ˆ + μ ) u L p 1 ( Ω ) C u W p 1 2 m ( Ω ) C ( D β A ˆ + μ ) u L p 1 ( Ω ) .
(5.7)

Moreover by using (5) condition for u W p 1 2 m (Ω) we have

|ξ | β ( D ξ β A ˆ + μ ) u L p 1 ( Ω ) C ( A ˆ + μ ) u L p 1 ( Ω ) ,

i.e., all conditions of Theorem 3.7 hold, and we obtain the assertion. □

6 Infinite system of IDEs

Consider the following infinity system of a convolution equation

| α | l a α D α u m + j = 1 ( d j +λ) u j (x)= f m (x)
(6.1)

for x R n and m=1,2, .

Condition 6.1 There are positive constants C 1 and C 2 , so that for { d j ( x ) } 1 l q for all x R n and some x 0 R n ,

C 1 | d j ( x 0 )|| d j (x)| C 2 | d j ( x 0 )|.

Suppose that a ˆ α , d ˆ m C ( n ) ( R n ), and there are positive constants M i , i=1,2, so that

| ξ | β | D β a ˆ α ( ξ ) | M 1 , | ξ | β | D β d ˆ m ( ξ ) | M 2 | d ˆ m ( ξ ) | , ξ R n { 0 } , β k { 0 , 1 } , 0 | β | n .

Let

D ( x ) = { d m ( x ) } , d m > 0 , u = { u m } , D u = { d m u m } , l q ( D ) = { u l q , u l q ( D ) = ( m = 1 | d m ( x 0 ) u m | q ) 1 q < } , 1 < q < .

Let Q be a differential operator in L p ( R n ; l q ), generated by problem (5.7) and B=B( L p ( R n ; l q )). Applying Theorem 3.7, we have the following.

Theorem 6.2 Suppose that (1) part of Condition 3.6 and Condition 6.1 are satisfied. Then

  1. 1.

    For all f(x)= { f m ( x ) } 1 L p ( R n ; l q (D)), for λ S φ , φ[0,π) the equation (6.1) has a unique solution u= { u m ( x ) } 1 that belongs to W p l ( R n ; l q (D), l q ), and the coercive uniform estimate holds

    | α | l |λ | 1 | α | l a α D α u L p ( R n ; l q ) + D u L p ( R n ; l q ) +|λ| u L p ( R n ; l q ) C f L p ( R n ; l q ) ;
  2. 2.

    For λ S φ , there exists a resolvent ( Q + λ ) 1 of operator Q and

    | α | l |λ | 1 | α | l a α [ D α ( Q + λ ) 1 ] B + D ( Q + λ ) 1 B + λ ( Q + λ ) 1 B C.

Proof Really, let E= l q and A=[ d m (x) δ j m ], m,j=1,2, . Then

A ˆ (ξ)= [ d ˆ m ( ξ ) δ j m ] , D β A ˆ (ξ)= [ D β d ˆ m ( ξ ) δ j m ] ,m,j=1,2,.

It is easy to see that A ˆ (ξ) is uniformly R-positive in l q , and all conditions of Theorem 3.7 are hold. Therefore, by virtue of Theorem 3.7 and Result 4.1, we obtain the assertions. □

Remark 6.3 There are a lot of positive operators in concrete Banach spaces. Therefore, putting concrete Banach spaces instead of E and concrete positive differential, pseudo differential operators, or finite, infinite matrices, etc. instead of operator A in (1.1) and (4.1), we can obtain the maximal regularity of different class of convolution equations, Cauchy problems for parabolic CDEs or it’s systems, by virtue of Theorem 3.7 and Theorem 3.11, respectively.

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Shakhmurov, V.B., Ekincioglu, I. Linear and nonlinear convolution elliptic equations. Bound Value Probl 2013, 211 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2013-211

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