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Well-posedness of fractional parabolic equations
Boundary Value Problems volume 2013, Article number: 31 (2013)
Abstract
In the present paper, we consider the abstract Cauchy problem for the fractional differential equation
in an arbitrary Banach space E with the strongly positive operators . The well-posedness of this problem in spaces of smooth functions is established. The coercive stability estimates for the solution of problems for 2m th order multidimensional fractional parabolic equations and one-dimensional fractional parabolic equations with nonlocal boundary conditions in a space variable are obtained. The stable difference scheme for the approximate solution of this problem is presented. The well-posedness of the difference scheme in difference analogues of spaces of smooth functions is established. In practice, the coercive stability estimates for the solution of difference schemes for the fractional parabolic equation with nonlocal boundary conditions in a space variable and the 2m th order multidimensional fractional parabolic equation are obtained.
MSC:65M12, 65N12.
1 Introduction
It is known that differential equations involving derivatives of noninteger order have shown to be adequate models for various physical phenomena in areas like rheology, damping laws, diffusion processes, etc. Methods of solutions of problems for fractional differential equations have been studied extensively by many researchers (see, e.g., [1–43] and the references given therein).
The role played by coercive stability inequalities (well-posedness) in the study of boundary value problems for parabolic partial differential equations is well known (see, e.g., [44–51]). In the present paper, the initial value problem
for the fractional differential equation in an arbitrary Banach space E with the linear (unbounded) operators is considered. Here and are the unknown and the given functions, respectively, defined on with values in E. The derivative is understood as the limit in the norm of E of the corresponding ratio of differences. is a given closed linear operator in E with the domain , independent of t and dense in E. Finally, .
Here is the standard Riemann-Liouville derivative of order . This fractional differential equation corresponds to the Basset problem [9]. It represents a classical problem in fluid dynamics where the unsteady motion of a particle accelerates in a viscous fluid due to the gravity of force. Recently, fractional Basset equations with independent in t operator coefficients have been studied extensively (see, e.g., [52–56] and the references given therein).
In the present paper, the well-posedness of problem (2) with dependent in t operator coefficients in spaces of smooth functions is established. In practice, the coercive stability estimates for the solution of problems for 2m th order multidimensional fractional parabolic equations and one-dimensional fractional parabolic equations with nonlocal boundary conditions in a space variable are obtained. The stable difference scheme for the approximate solution of initial value problem (2)
is presented. Here .
The paper is organized as follows. The well-posedness of problem (2) in spaces of smooth functions is established in Section 2. In Section 3 the coercive stability estimates for the solution of problems for 2m th order multidimensional fractional parabolic equations and one-dimensional fractional parabolic equations with nonlocal boundary conditions are obtained. The well-posedness of (3) in difference analogues of spaces of smooth functions is established and the coercive stability estimates for the solution of difference schemes for the fractional parabolic equation with nonlocal boundary conditions in a space variable and the 2m th order multidimensional fractional parabolic equation are obtained in Section 4.
2 The well-posedness of problem (2)
A function is called a solution of problem (2) if the following conditions are satisfied:
-
(i)
is continuously differentiable on the segment . The derivatives at the endpoints of the segment are understood as the appropriate unilateral derivatives.
-
(ii)
The element belongs to for all and the function is continuous on the segment .
-
(iii)
satisfies the equation and the initial condition (2).
A solution of problem (2) defined in this manner will from now on be referred to as a solution of problem (2) in the space of all continuous functions defined on with values in E equipped with the norm
In this paper, positive constants, which can differ in time, are indicated with an M. On the other hand, is used to focus on the fact that the constant depends only on  .
The well-posedness in of boundary value problem (2) means that the coercive inequality
is true for its solution .
Suppose that for each the operator generates an analytic semigroup () with an exponentially decreasing norm, when , i.e., the following estimates
hold for some , . From this inequality it follows the operator exists and is bounded, and hence is closed in .
Suppose that the operator is Hölder continuous in t in the uniform operator topology for each fixed s, that is,
An operator-valued function , defined and strongly continuous jointly in t, s for , is called a fundamental solution of (2) if
-
(1)
the operator is strongly continuous in t and s for ,
-
(2)
the following identity holds:
-
(3)
the operator maps the region D into itself. The operator is bounded and strongly continuous in t and s for ,
-
(4)
on the region D the operator is strongly differentiable relative to t and s, while
(8)
and
Now, let us obtain the representation for the solution of problem (2). The initial value problem
has a unique solution [54] and the following formula holds:
Using and the formula , we get
Now, we will give a series of interesting lemmas and estimates concerning the fundamental solution of (2) which will be useful in the sequel.
Lemma 2.1 For any and , the following identities hold:
Lemma 2.2 For any , and , the following estimates hold:
Theorem 2.1 Let be a strongly positive operator in a Banach space E and . Then for the solution in of initial value problem (2), the following stability inequality holds:
Proof Using formula (12), we get
Applying formula (23) and the formula
we obtain
Let us first obtain the estimate
for any . We have that
Applying estimate (21), we get
Now, we will estimate . We have that
Applying estimate (17), we get
Estimate (26) follows from estimates (29) and (31).
Now, let us first estimate . Applying the triangle inequality and estimate (26), we get
for any . Applying the above inequality and the integral inequality, we obtain
Using the triangle inequality and equation (2), we get
Estimate (22) follows from estimates (33) and (35). Theorem 2.1 is proved. □
With the help of , we introduce the fractional spaces , , consisting of all for which the following norms are finite:
From (6) and (7) it follows that
Theorem 2.2 for all and .
Problem (2) is not well posed in for arbitrary E. It turns out that a Banach space E can be restricted to a Banach space in such a manner that the restricted problem (2) in will be well posed in . The role of will be played here by the fractional spaces ().
Theorem 2.3 Suppose (). Suppose that assumptions (6) and (7) hold and . Then for the solution in of problem (2), the coercive inequality
holds.
Proof
By Theorem 2.1,
for the solution of initial value problem (2). The proof of the estimate
for the solution of initial value problem (2) is based on formula (12), estimate (38) and the following estimates [54]:
Using equation (2) and the triangle inequality, we get
Estimate (37) follows from estimates (39) and (42). Theorem 2.3 is proved. □
Let us give, without proof, the following result.
Theorem 2.4 Suppose that assumption (6) holds. Suppose that the operator is Hölder continuous in t in the uniform operator topology for each fixed s, that is,
where M and ε are positive constants independent of t, s and τ for . Suppose (). Then for the solution in of problem (2), the coercive inequality
holds.
3 Applications
Now, we consider the applications of Theorems 2.1, 2.3 and 2.4.
First, the Cauchy problem on the range for the 2m-order multidimensional fractional parabolic equation is considered:
where and are given as sufficiently smooth functions. Here, σ is a sufficiently large positive constant.
Let us consider a differential operator with constant coefficients of the form
acting on functions defined on the entire space . Here is a vector with nonnegative integer components, . If () is an infinitely differentiable function that decays at infinity together with all its derivatives, then by means of the Fourier transformation, one establishes the equality
Here the Fourier transform operator is defined by the following rule:
The function is called the symbol of the operator B and is given by
We will assume that the symbol
of the differential operator of the form
acting on functions defined on the space , satisfies the inequalities
for . Problem (45) has a unique smooth solution. This allows us to reduce problem (45) to the abstract Cauchy problem (2) in a Banach space of all continuous bounded functions defined on satisfying the Hölder condition with the indicator with a strongly positive operator defined by (52) (see [57, 58]).
Theorem 3.1 For the solution of boundary problem (45), the following estimates are satisfied:
The proof of Theorem 3.1 is based on the abstract Theorems 2.1, 2.3, 2.4 and the coercivity inequality for an elliptic operator in and on the following theorem on the structure of the fractional spaces .
Theorem 3.2 for all and [59].
Second, we consider the mixed boundary value problem for the fractional parabolic equation
where and are given sufficiently smooth functions and . Here, σ is a sufficiently large positive constant.
We introduce the Banach spaces () of all continuous functions satisfying the Hölder condition for which the following norms are finite:
where is the space of all continuous functions defined on [0,1] with the usual norm
It is known that the differential expression [60]
defines a positive operator acting in with the domain and satisfying the conditions , . Therefore, we can replace the mixed problem (56) by the abstract boundary value problem (2). Using the results of Theorems 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, we can obtain the following theorem.
Theorem 3.3 For the solution of mixed problem (56), the following estimates are valid:
The proof of Theorem 3.3 is based on abstract Theorems 2.1, 2.3, 2.4 and on the following theorem on the structure of the fractional spaces .
Theorem 3.4 for all , [60].
4 The well-posedness of problem (3)
Let us first obtain the representation for the solution of problem (3). It is clear that the first order of accuracy difference scheme
has a solution and the following formula holds:
where
Here . Denote that
Applying the formula , we get
So, formula (66) gives the representation for the solution of problem (3).
Let be the linear space of mesh functions with values in the Banach space E. Next on we introduce the Banach space with the norm
Theorem 4.1 Let be a strongly positive operator in a Banach space E. Then for the solution in of initial value problem (3), the stability inequality
holds.
Proof Using formula (66), we get
Applying formulas (69) and (65), we obtain
Let us first obtain the estimate
for any . We have that
Using estimates
and the following elementary inequality:
we obtain
Now, we will estimate . We have that
Applying estimates (73) and (74), we get
Estimate (71) follows from estimates (75) and (80).
Now, let us first estimate . Applying the triangle inequality and estimate (71), we get
for any . Applying the above inequality and the difference analogue of the integral inequality, we obtain
Using the triangle inequality and equation (3), we get
Estimate (68) follows from estimates (88) and (89). Theorem 4.1 is proved. □
With the help of , we introduce the fractional spaces , , consisting of all for which the following norms are finite:
From (73) it follows that
Theorem 4.2 for all and .
Problem (3) is not well posed in for arbitrary E. It turns out that a Banach space E can be restricted to a Banach space in such a manner that the restricted problem (3) in will be well posed in . The role of will be played here by the fractional spaces ().
Theorem 4.3 Suppose that assumptions (6) and (7) hold and . Then for the solution in of initial value problem (3), the coercive stability inequality
holds.
Proof
By Theorem 4.1,
for the solution of initial value problem (3). The proof of the estimate
for the solution of initial value problem (3) is based on estimate (92) and the following estimates [51]:
Using the triangle inequality and equation (3), we get
Estimate (91) follows from estimates (93) and (96). Theorem 4.3 is proved. □
Let us give, without proof, the following result.
Theorem 4.4 Suppose that assumptions (6) and (43) hold. Then for the solution in of initial value problem (3), the coercive stability inequality
holds.
Note that by passing to the limit for , one can recover Theorems 2.1-2.3 and 2.4.
5 Applications
Now, we consider the applications of Theorems 4.1, 4.3 and 4.4.
First, initial value problem (45) is considered. The discretization of problem (45) is carried out in two steps. In the first step, the grid space () is defined as the set of all points of the Euclidean space whose coordinates are given by
The difference operator is assigned to the differential operator , defined by (52). The operator
acts on functions defined on the entire space . Here is a vector with nonnegative integer coordinates,
where is the unit vector of the axis .
An infinitely differentiable function of the continuous argument that is continuous and bounded together with all its derivatives is said to be smooth. We say that the difference operator is a λ th order () approximation of the differential operator if the inequality
holds for any smooth function . The coefficients are chosen in such a way that the operator approximates in a specified way the operator . It will be assumed that the operator approximates the differential operator with any prescribed order [57, 58].
The function is obtained by replacing the operator in the right-hand side of equality (99) with the expression , respectively, and is called the symbol of the difference operator .
It will be assumed that for and fixed x, the symbol of the operator satisfies the inequalities
Suppose that the coefficient of the operator is bounded and satisfies the inequalities
With the help of , we arrive at the nonlocal boundary value problem
for an infinite system of ordinary differential equations.
In the second step, problem (104) is replaced by the difference scheme
Based on the number of corollaries of the abstract theorems given in the above, to formulate the result, one needs to introduce the spaces and of all bounded grid functions defined on , equipped with the norms
Theorem 5.1 Suppose that assumptions (102) and (103) for the operator hold. Then, the solutions of difference scheme (105) satisfy the following stability estimates:
The proof of Theorem 5.1 is based on the abstract Theorems 4.1, 4.3, 4.4 and the strong positivity of the operator defined by (114) in and on the following two theorems on the coercivity inequality for the solution of the elliptic difference equation in and on the structure of the fractional space .
Theorem 5.2 Suppose that assumptions (102) and (103) for the operator hold. Then for the solutions of the elliptic difference equation
the estimates [54]
are valid.
Theorem 5.3 Suppose that assumptions (102) and (103) for the operator hold. Then for any , the norms in the spaces and are equivalent uniformly in h [51].
Second, we consider mixed boundary value problem (56). The discretization of problem (56) is carried out in two steps. In the first step, let us define the grid space
We introduce the Banach space () of the grid functions defined on , equipped with the norm
where is the space of the grid functions defined on , equipped with the norm
To the differential operator A generated by problem (56), we assign the difference operator by the formula
acting in the space of grid functions satisfying the conditions , . With the help of , we arrive at the initial boundary value problem
for an infinite system of ordinary fractional differential equations. In the second step, we replace problem (115) by difference scheme (3)
Theorem 5.4 Let Ï„ and h be sufficiently small numbers. Then, the solutions of difference scheme (116) satisfy the following stability estimates:
The proof of Theorem 5.4 is based on the abstract Theorems 4.1, 4.3, 4.4 and the strong positivity of the operator defined by (114) in and on the following theorem on the structure of the fractional space .
Theorem 5.5 For any , the norms in the spaces and are equivalent uniformly in h and [60].
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The author would like to thank Prof. P. E. Sobolevskii for his helpful suggestions to the improvement of this paper.
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Ashyralyev, A. Well-posedness of fractional parabolic equations. Bound Value Probl 2013, 31 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2013-31
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2013-31