Research

# Existence of periodic solutions for a class of p-Laplacian equations

Xiaojun Chang12* and Yu Qiao3

Author Affiliations

1 School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, P.R. China

2 College of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, P.R. China

3 College of Mathematics and Information Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710062, P.R. China

For all author emails, please log on.

Boundary Value Problems 2013, 2013:96  doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2013-96

 Received: 26 September 2012 Accepted: 5 April 2013 Published: 19 April 2013

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

### Abstract

This paper is devoted to the existence of periodic solutions for the one-dimensional p-Laplacian equation

( ϕ p ( u ) ) = f ( t , u ) ,

where ϕ p ( u ) = | u | p 2 u ( 1 < p < + ), f C ( [ 0 , 2 π ] × R , R ) . By using some asymptotic interaction of the ratios f ( t , u ) | u | p 2 u and p 0 u f ( t , s ) d s | u | p with the Fučík spectrum of ( ϕ p ( u ) ) related to periodic boundary condition, we establish a new existence theorem of periodic solutions for the one-dimensional p-Laplacian equation.

##### Keywords:
periodic solutions; p-Laplacian; Fučík spectrum; Leray-Schauder degree; Borsuk theorem

### 1 Introduction and main results

In this paper, we are concerned with the existence of solutions for the following periodic boundary value problem:

{ ( ϕ p ( u ) ) = f ( t , u ) , u ( 0 ) = u ( 2 π ) , u ( 0 ) = u ( 2 π ) , (1.1)

where ϕ p ( u ) = | u | p 2 u ( 1 < p < + ), f C ( [ 0 , 2 π ] × R , R ) . A solution u of problem (1.1) means that u is C 1 and ϕ p ( u ) is absolutely continuous such that (1.1) is satisfied for a.e. t [ 0 , 2 π ] .

Existence and multiplicity of solutions of the periodic problems driven by the p-Laplacian have been obtained in the literature by many people (see [1-5]). Many solvability conditions for problem (1.1) were established by using the asymptotic interaction at infinity of the ratio f ( x , u ) | u | p 2 u with the Fučík spectrum for ( ϕ p ( u ) ) under periodic boundary condition (see e.g., [2,4,6-9]). In [6], Del Pino, Manásevich and Murúa firstly defined the Fučík spectrum for ( ϕ p ( u ) ) under periodic boundary value condition as the set Σ p consisting of all the pairs ( λ + , λ ) R 2 such that the equation

( ϕ p ( u ) ) = λ + ( u + ) p 1 λ ( u ) p 1

admits at least one nontrivial 2π-periodic solution (see [10] for p = 2 ). Let

π p = 2 ( p 1 ) 1 p 0 1 ( 1 t p ) 1 p d t = 2 ( p 1 ) 1 p π p sin ( π p ) .

By [6], it follows that

Σ p = { ( λ + , λ ) R 2 : π p ( 1 λ + p + 1 λ p ) = 2 π k , k Z + } .

Then they applied the Sturm’s comparison theorem and Leray-Schauder degree theory to prove that problem (1.1) is solvable if the following relations hold:

uniformly for a.e. t [ 0 , 2 π ] with p 1 , q 1 , p 2 , q 2 > 0 satisfying

2 π ( k + 1 ) π p < 1 p 2 p + 1 q 2 p 1 p 1 p + 1 q 1 p < 2 π k π p , k Z + .

Clearly, in this case, we have ( [ p 1 , q 1 ] × [ p 2 , q 2 ] ) Σ p = , which is usually called that the nonlinearity f is nonresonant with respect to the Fučík spectrum Σ p . In [11], Anane and Dakkak obtained a similar result by using the property of nodal set for eigenfunctions. If f is resonant with respect to Σ p , i.e., there exists ( λ + , λ ) Σ p such that lim u + f ( t , u ) | u | p 2 u = λ + , lim u f ( t , u ) | u | p 2 u = λ uniformly for a.e. t [ 0 , 2 π ] , together with the Landesman-Lazer type condition, Jiang [9] obtained the existence of solutions of (1.1) by applying the variational methods and symplectic transformations. In these works, either f is resonant or nonresonant with respect to Σ p , the solvability of problem (1.1) was assured by assuming that the ratio f ( t , u ) | u | p 2 u stays at infinity in the pointwise sense asymptotically between two consecutive curves of Σ p . Note that

lim inf s ± f ( t , s ) s lim inf s ± 2 F ( t , s ) s 2 lim sup s ± 2 F ( t , s ) s 2 lim sup s ± f ( t , s ) s ,

we can see that the conditions on the ratio 2 F ( t , s ) s 2 are more general than that on the ratio f ( t , s ) s . Recently, Liu and Li [2] studied the nondissipative p-Laplacian equation

( ϕ p ( u ) ) = c ( ϕ p ( u ) ) + g ( u ) p ( t ) , (1.2)

where c > 0 is a constant. Define G ( u ) = 0 u g ( s ) d s . They proved that (1.2) is solvable under the following assumptions:

(1) There exist b , d 1 , d 2 > 0 such that d 1 g ( u ) | u | p 2 u d 2 for all | u | b ;

(2) lim u + p G ( u ) | u | p = λ + , lim u p G ( u ) | u | p = λ with ( λ + , λ ) Σ p .

Here, the potential function G is nonresonant with respect to Σ p and the ratio g ( u ) | u | p 2 u is not required to stay at infinity in the pointwise sense asymptotically between two consecutive branches of Σ p and it may even cross at infinity multiple Fučík spectrum curves.

In this paper, we want to obtain the solvability of problem (1.1) by using the asymptotic interaction at infinity of both the ratios f ( x , u ) | u | p 2 u and p F ( t , u ) | u | p with the Fučík spectrum for ( ϕ p ( u ) ) under periodic boundary condition. Here, F ( t , u ) = 0 u f ( t , s ) d s . The goal is to obtain the existence of solutions of (1.1) by requiring neither the ratio f ( x , u ) | u | p 2 u stays at infinity in the pointwise sense asymptotically between two consecutive branches of Σ p nor the limits lim u ± p F ( t , u ) | u | p exist. We shall prove that problem (1.1) admits a solution under the assumptions that the nonlinearity f has at most ( p 1 ) -linear growth at infinity and the ratio f ( t , u ) | u | p 2 u has a L 1 limit as u ± , while the ratio p F ( t , u ) | u | p stays at infinity in the pointwise sense asymptotically between two consecutive branches of Σ p . Our result will complement the results in the literature on the solvability of problem (1.1) involving the Fučík spectrum.

For related works on resonant problems involving the Fučík spectrum, we also refer the interested readers to see [12-19] and the references therein.

Our main result for problem (1.1) now reads as follows.

Theorem 1.1Assume that f C ( [ 0 , 2 π ] × R ) and the following conditions hold:

(i) There exist constants C 1 , M > 0 such that

| f ( t , u ) | C 1 ( 1 + | u | p 1 ) , a.e.   t [ 0 , 2 π ] , | u | M ; (1.3)

(ii) There exists η ± L ( 0 , 2 π ) such that

0 2 π | f ( t , u ) | u | p 2 u η ± ( t ) | d t 0 as   u ± ; (1.4)

(iii) There exist constants p 1 , p 2 , q 1 , q 2 > 0 such that

(1.5)

(1.6)

hold uniformly for a.e. t [ 0 , 2 π ] with

( [ p 1 , p 2 ] × [ q 1 , q 2 ] ) Σ p = . (1.7)

Then problem (1.1) admits a solution.

Remark If f ( t , u ) = a ( t ) | u | p 2 u + b ( t ) | u | p 2 u + e ( u ) + h ( t ) , where a , b , h C [ 0 , 2 π ] with p 1 a ( t ) p 2 , q 1 b ( t ) q 2 and p 1 , p 2 , q 1 , q 2 > 0 satisfy (1.7), e is continuous on ℝ and lim u + e ( u ) | u | p 2 u = 0 , then lim u + p F ( t , u ) | u | p = a ( t ) and lim u p F ( t , u ) | u | p = b ( t ) . By Theorem 1.1, it follows that problem (1.1) admits a solution. It is easily seen that the result of [16] cannot be applied to this case. Note that one can also obtain the solvability of (1.1) in this case by the result of [6], while in Theorem 1.1 we do not require the pointwise limit at infinity of the ratio f ( t , u ) | u | p 2 u as in [6].

For convenience, we introduce some notations and definitions. L p ( 0 , 2 π ) ( 1 < p < ) denotes the usual Sobolev space with inner product , p and norm p , respectively. C m [ 0 , 2 π ] ( m N ) denotes the space of m-times continuous differential real functions with norm

x C m = max t [ 0 , 2 π ] | x ( t ) | + max t [ 0 , 2 π ] | x ˙ ( t ) | + + max t [ 0 , 2 π ] | x ( m ) ( t ) | .

### 2 Proof of the main result

Denote by deg the Leray-Schauder degree. To prove Theorem 1.1, we need the following results.

Lemma 2.1[20]

Let Ω be a bounded open region in a real Banach spaceX. Assume that K : Ω ¯ R is completely continuous and p ( I K ) ( Ω ) . Then the equation ( I K ) ( x ) = p has a solution in Ω if deg ( I K , Ω , p ) 0 .

Lemma 2.2 (Borsuk Theorem [20])

Assume thatXis a real Banach space. Let Ω be a symmetric bounded open region with θ Ω . Assume that K : Ω ¯ R is completely continuous and odd with θ ( I K ) ( Ω ) . Then deg ( I K , Ω , θ ) is odd.

Proof of Theorem 1.1 Take ( λ + , λ ) [ p 1 , p 2 ] × [ q 1 , q 2 ] . Consider the following homotopy problem:

{ ( ϕ p ( u ) ) = ( 1 μ ) ( λ + ( u + ) p 1 λ ( u ) p 1 ) + μ f ( t , u ) f μ ( t , u ) , u ( 0 ) = u ( 2 π ) , u ( 0 ) = u ( 2 π ) , (2.1)

where μ [ 0 , 1 ] .

By (1.3) and the regularity arguments, it follows that u C 1 [ 0 , 2 π ] , and furthermore there exists a , b R + such that, if u is a solution of problem (2.1), then

u C 1 a u + b . (2.2)

In what follows, we shall prove that there exists C > 0 independent of μ [ 0 , 1 ] such that u C for all possible solution u ( t ) of (2.1). Assume by contradiction that there exist a sequence of number { μ n } [ 0 , 1 ] and corresponding solutions { u n } of (2.1) such that

u n + as  n + . (2.3)

Set z n = u n u n . Obviously, z n = 1 . Define

α n ( t ) = { f ( t , u n ) | u n | p 2 u n , u n ( t ) > M , 0 , u n ( t ) M

and

β n ( t ) = { f ( t , u n ) | u n | p 2 u n , u n ( t ) < M , 0 , u n ( t ) M .

By (1.3), there exists M 0 > 0 such that

| α n ( t ) | , | β n ( t ) | M 0 , a.e.  t [ 0 , 2 π ] .

Then there exist α 0 , β 0 L ( 0 , 2 π ) such that

α n ( t ) α 0 ( t ) , β n ( t ) β 0 ( t ) in  L ( 0 , 2 π ) . (2.4)

In addition, using (1.3) and the regularity arguments, there exists M 1 > 0 such that, for each n, we have z n C 1 M 1 , and thus there exists z 0 C 1 [ 0 , 2 π ] such that, passing to a subsequence if possible,

z n z 0 in  C 1 [ 0 , 2 π ] . (2.5)

Clearly, z 0 = 1 . In view of { μ n } [ 0 , 1 ] , there exists μ 0 [ 0 , 1 ] such that, passing to a subsequence if possible,

μ n μ 0 as  n + . (2.6)

Note that for μ = 0 , problem (2.1) has only the trivial solution, it follows that μ 0 ( 0 , 1 ] . Denote α ¯ ( t ) = ( 1 μ 0 ) λ + + μ 0 α 0 ( t ) , β ¯ ( t ) = ( 1 μ 0 ) λ + μ 0 β 0 ( t ) . It is easily seen that z 0 is a nontrivial solution of the following problem:

{ ( ϕ p ( z 0 ) ) = α ¯ ( t ) ( z 0 + ) p 1 β ¯ ( t ) ( z 0 ) p 1 , z 0 ( 0 ) = z 0 ( 2 π ) , z 0 ( 0 ) = z 0 ( 2 π ) . (2.7)

We now distinguish three cases:

(i) z 0 changes sign in [ 0 , 2 π ] ;

(ii) z 0 ( t ) 0 , t [ 0 , 2 π ] ;

(iii) z 0 ( t ) 0 , t [ 0 , 2 π ] .

In the following, it will be shown that each case leads to a contradiction.

Case (i). Let

Then, as n + , we get

In addition, as shown in [11], we have | I 0 | = 0 . Define

η + ( t ) = { η ( t ) , t I + , α 0 ( t ) , t I ,

and

η ( t ) = { β 0 ( t ) , t I + , η ( t ) , t I .

By (1.4) and (2.4), it follows that

α 0 ( t ) η + ( t ) , β 0 ( t ) η ( t ) , a.e.  t [ 0 , 2 π ] .

Thus, z 0 satisfies

{ ( ϕ p ( z 0 ) ) = α ˜ ( t ) ( z 0 + ) p 1 β ˜ ( t ) ( z 0 ) p 1 , z 0 ( 0 ) = z 0 ( 2 π ) , z 0 ( 0 ) = z 0 ( 2 π ) . (2.8)

Here, α ˜ ( t ) = ( 1 μ 0 ) λ + + μ 0 η + ( t ) , β ˜ ( t ) = ( 1 μ 0 ) λ + μ 0 η ( t ) .

Now we prove that there exist n ¯ Z + and 0 < κ 1 < 1 < κ 2 such that

κ 1 max u n min u n κ 2 , n n ¯ . (2.9)

In fact, if not, we assume, by contradiction, that there exists a subsequence of { u n } , we still denote it as { u n } with max u n and min u n , such that

max u n min u n 0 or max u n min u n + .

Combing with (2.5), z 0 = 1 and the fact that z 0 changes sign, we obtain

max u n u n / ( min u n u n ) max z 0 min z 0 > 0 .

For any ( t , μ ) [ 0 , 2 π ] × [ 0 , 1 ] , define

and

F ¯ 1 ( t , s , μ ) = 0 s f ¯ 1 ( t , τ , μ ) d τ , F ¯ 2 ( t , r , μ ) = 0 r f ¯ 2 ( t , τ , μ ) d τ .

Denote s n = max u n , r n = min u n . Then by (2.9) it follows that s n + and r n . Taking t n such that u n ( t n ) = s n , t n 0 is the nearest point satisfying t n 0 < t n and u n ( t n 0 ) = 0 . Since t n 0 , t n [ 0 , 2 π ] , there exist t ¯ 0 , t ¯ [ 0 , 2 π ] such that

t n 0 t ¯ 0 , t n t ¯ as  n + . (2.10)

By (2.5), we obtain z 0 ( t ¯ 0 ) = 0 , z 0 ( t ¯ ) = max t [ 0 , 2 π ] z 0 ( t ) . Note that u n + , we have u n ( t ) + , t ( t ¯ 0 , t ¯ ) . Hence, together with μ n μ 0 and (1.4), there exist subsequences of { u n } and { μ n } , we still denote them as { u n } and { μ n } , such that, for a.e. t [ 0 , 2 π ] ,

f ¯ 1 ( t , u n ( τ ) , μ n ) ( u n ( τ ) ) p 1 0 , a.e.  τ ( t ¯ 0 , t ¯ ) .

Using (1.3), for a.e. t [ 0 , 2 π ] , { f ¯ 1 ( t , u n ( τ ) , μ n ) ( u n ( τ ) ) p 1 } is uniformly bounded with respect to τ ( t ¯ 0 , t ¯ ) , we obtain by the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem that

t ¯ 0 t ¯ | f ¯ 1 ( t , u n ( τ ) , μ n ) ( u n ( τ ) ) p 1 | d τ 0 , uniformly for a.e.  t [ 0 , 2 π ] .

Thus,

(2.11)

By (1.4) and (2.2), we get

In view of (2.11), we obtain that

| p F ¯ 1 ( t , s n , μ n ) s n p | 0 (2.12)

holds uniformly for a.e. t [ 0 , 2 π ] . Similarly,

| p F ¯ 2 ( t , r n , μ n ) | r n | p | 0 (2.13)

holds uniformly for a.e. t [ 0 , 2 π ] .

On the other hand, for { s n } , { r n } satisfying (2.12)-(2.13), denoting

we obtain by (1.5)-(1.6) that

p 1 ξ 1 ( t ) q 1 , p 2 ξ 2 ( t ) q 2 , a.e.  t [ 0 , 2 π ] . (2.14)

Using μ n μ 0 , we have

(2.15)

(2.16)

We claim that there exists subinterval I 1 [ 0 , 2 π ] with | I 1 | > 0 such that

ξ 1 ( t ) η + ( t ) 0 , t I 1 , (2.17)

or subinterval I 2 [ 0 , 2 π ] with | I 2 | > 0 such that

ξ 2 ( t ) η ( t ) 0 , t I 2 . (2.18)

Indeed, if not, we assume that η + ( t ) = ξ 1 ( t ) , η ( t ) = ξ 2 ( t ) , a.e. t [ 0 , 2 π ] . Together with the choosing of λ + , λ and (2.14), we get

p 1 α ˜ ( t ) q 1 , p 2 β ˜ ( t ) q 2 , a.e.  t [ 0 , 2 π ] .

Then by (1.7), it follows that z 0 0 . A contradiction. Combining (2.12)-(2.13) with (2.15)-(2.18), we obtain a contradiction.

Case (ii). In this case, we have

s n +  and  { r n }  is uniformly bounded .

Using similar arguments as in Case (i), by (1.4) and (2.4) it follows that α 0 ( t ) η + ( t ) , t [ 0 , 2 π ] . Taking f ¯ + = f ¯ 1 , F ¯ + = F ¯ 1 , a.e. t [ 0 , 2 π ] . We can see that there exists subsequence of  { s n } , which is still denoted by { s n } , such that

| p F ¯ + ( t , s n , μ n ) s n p | 0 (2.19)

holds uniformly for a.e. t [ 0 , 2 π ] . On the other hand, for { s n } satisfying (2.19), denoting

ξ + ( t ) = lim inf n + p F ( t , s n ) | s n | p ,

we obtain by (1.5) that

p 1 ξ + ( t ) q 1 , a.e.  t [ 0 , 2 π ] . (2.20)

Using μ n μ 0 , we have

(2.21)

We shall show that there exists subinterval I + [ 0 , 2 π ] with | I + | such that

ξ + ( t ) η + ( t ) 0 , t I + . (2.22)

In fact, if not, we assume that η + ( t ) = ξ + ( t ) , a.e. t [ 0 , 2 π ] . By the choosing of λ + and (2.20), we get p 1 α ˜ ( t ) q 1 , a.e. t [ 0 , 2 π ] . Thus, z 0 is a nontrivial solution of the following problem:

{ ( ϕ p ( z 0 ) ) = α ˜ ( t ) z 0 p 1 , z 0 ( 0 ) = z 0 ( 2 π ) , z 0 ( 0 ) = z 0 ( 2 π ) . (2.23)

Taking 1 as test function in problem (2.23), we get

0 = 0 2 π α ˜ ( t ) z 0 p 1 d t . (2.24)

By α ˜ ( t ) p 1 > 0 for a.e. t [ 0 , 2 π ] , it follows that z 0 ( t ) = 0 for a.e. t [ 0 , 2 π ] , which is contrary to that z 0 = 1 . Hence, (2.22) holds. Clearly, (2.21)-(2.22) contradict (2.19).

Case (iii). In this case, r n and { s n } is uniformly bounded. Similar arguments as in Case (ii) imply a contradiction.

In a word, (2.3) cannot hold, and hence by (2.2) there exists C > 0 independent of μ [ 0 , 1 ] such that, if u is a solution of problem (2.1), then

u C 1 C . (2.25)

Note that, for each h L ( 0 , 2 π ) , the problem

{ ( ϕ p ( u ) ) + ϕ p ( u ) = h ( t ) , u ( 0 ) = u ( 2 π ) , u ( 0 ) = u ( 2 π ) (2.26)

has a unique solution G p ( h ) C 1 [ 0 , 2 π ] . Clearly, the operator G p seen as an operator from C [ 0 , 2 π ] into C 1 [ 0 , 2 π ] is completely continuous. Define ψ : C 1 [ 0 , 2 π ] C [ 0 , 2 π ] by ψ ( u ) ( t ) = f ( t , u ( t ) ) . Then solving problem (1.1) is equivalent to finding solutions in C 1 [ 0 , 2 π ] of the equation

u G p ( ψ ( u ) ) = 0 .

Let ( α , β ) [ p 1 , q 1 ] × [ p 1 , q 2 ] . Define the operator T α , β : C 1 [ 0 , 2 π ] C 1 [ 0 , 2 π ] by T α , β ( u ) = G p ( ϕ p ( u ) + α ( u + ) p 1 β ( u ) p 1 ) . Denote B R = { u C 1 [ 0 , 2 π ] : u C 1 < R , R R } . Clearly, deg ( I T α , β , B R , 0 ) is well defined for all R > 0 . Owing to λ + λ > 0 , there is a continuous curve α ( τ ) , β ( τ ) , τ [ 0 , 1 ] , whose image is in R 2 Σ p and ( λ , λ ) R Σ p such that ( α ( 0 ) , β ( 0 ) ) = ( λ + , λ ) , ( α ( 1 ) , β ( 1 ) ) = ( λ , λ ) . From the invariance property of Leray-Schauder degree under compact homotopies, it follows that the degree deg ( I T α ( τ ) , β ( τ ) , B R , 0 ) is constant for τ [ 0 , 1 ] . Obviously, the operator T λ , λ is odd. By the Borsuk’s theorem, it follows that deg ( I T λ , λ , B R , 0 ) 0 for all R > 0 . Thus,

deg ( I T λ + , λ , B R , 0 ) 0 , R > 0 .

Consider the following homotopy:

H ( μ , u ) = G p ( ϕ p ( u ) + ( 1 μ ) ( λ + ( u + ) p 1 λ ( u ) p 1 ) + μ ψ ( u ) ) ,

for ( μ , u ) [ 0 , 1 ] × C 1 [ 0 , 2 π ] . By (2.25), we can see that there exists R 0 > 0 such that

H ( μ , u ) u , μ [ 0 , 1 ] , u B R 0 .

From the invariance property of Leray-Schauder degree, it follows that

deg ( I H ( 1 , ) , B R 0 , 0 ) = deg ( I H ( 0 , ) , B R 0 , 0 ) = deg ( I T λ + , λ , B R 0 , 0 ) 0 .

Hence, problem (1.1) has a solution. The proof is complete. □

### Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

### Authors’ contributions

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

### Acknowledgements

The first author sincerely thanks Professor Yong Li and Doctor Yixian Gao for their many useful suggestions and the both authors thank Professor Zhi-Qiang Wang for many helpful discussions and his invitation to Chern Institute of Mathematics. The first author is partially supported by the NSFC Grant (11101178), NSFJP Grant (201215184) and FSIIP of Jilin University (201103203). The second author is partially sup- ported by NSFC Grant (11226123).

### References

1. Aizicovici, S, Papageorgiou, NS, Staicu, V: Nonlinear resonant periodic problems with concave terms. J. Math. Anal. Appl.. 375, 342–364 (2011). Publisher Full Text

2. Liu, W, Li, Y: Existence of periodic solutions for p-Laplacian equation under the frame of Fučík spectrum. Acta Math. Sin. Engl. Ser.. 27, 545–554 (2011). Publisher Full Text

3. Manásevich, R, Mawhin, J: Periodic solutions for nonlinear systems with p-Laplacian-like operators. J. Differ. Equ.. 145, 367–393 (1998). Publisher Full Text

4. Reichel, W, Walter, W: Sturm-Liouville type problems for the p-Laplacian under asymptotic nonresonance conditions. J. Differ. Equ.. 156, 50–70 (1999). Publisher Full Text

5. Yang, X, Kim, Y, Lo, K: Periodic solutions for a generalized p-Laplacian equation. Appl. Math. Lett.. 25, 586–589 (2012). Publisher Full Text

6. Del Pino, M, Manásevich, R, Murúa, A: Existence and multiplicity of solutions with prescribed period for a second order quasilinear ODE. Nonlinear Anal.. 18, 79–92 (1992). Publisher Full Text

7. Fabry, C, Fayyad, D: Periodic solutions of second order differential equations with a p-Laplacian and asymmetric nonlinearities. Rend. Ist. Mat. Univ. Trieste. 24, 207–227 (1992)

8. Fabry, C, Manásevich, R: Equations with a p-Laplacian and an asymmetric nonlinear term. Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst.. 7, 545–557 (2001)

9. Jiang, M: A Landesman-Lazer type theorem for periodic solutions of the resonant asymmetric p-Laplacian equation. Acta Math. Sin.. 21, 1219–1228 (2005). Publisher Full Text

10. Drábek, P: Solvability and Bifurcations of Nonlinear Equations (1992)

11. Anane, A, Dakkak, A: Nonexistence of nontrivial solutions for an asymmetric problem with weights. Proyecciones. 19, 43–52 (2000)

12. Boccardo, L, Drábek, P, Giachetti, D, Kućera, M: Generalization of Fredholm alternative for nonlinear differential operators. Nonlinear Anal.. 10, 1083–1103 (1986). Publisher Full Text

13. Drábek, P, Invernizzi, S: On the periodic boundary value problem for forced Duffing equation with jumping nonlinearity. Nonlinear Anal.. 10, 643–650 (1986). Publisher Full Text

14. Fonda, A: On the existence of periodic solutions for scalar second order differential equations when only the asymptotic behaviour of the potential is known. Proc. Am. Math. Soc.. 119, 439–445 (1993). Publisher Full Text

15. Habets, P, Omari, P, Zanolin, F: Nonresonance conditions on the potential with respect to the Fučík spectrum for the periodic boundary value problem. Rocky Mt. J. Math.. 25, 1305–1340 (1995). Publisher Full Text

16. Liu, W, Li, Y: Existence of 2π-periodic solutions for the non-dissipative Duffing equation under asymptotic behaviors of potential function. Z. Angew. Math. Phys.. 57, 1–11 (2006)

17. Omari, P, Zanolin, F: Nonresonance conditions on the potential for a second-order periodic boundary value problem. Proc. Am. Math. Soc.. 117, 125–135 (1993). Publisher Full Text

18. Zhang, M: Nonresonance conditions for asymptotically positively homogeneous differential systems: the Fučík spectrum and its generalization. J. Differ. Equ.. 145, 332–366 (1998). Publisher Full Text

19. Zhang, M: The rotation number approach to the periodic Fučík spectrum. J. Differ. Equ.. 185, 74–96 (2002). Publisher Full Text

20. Deimling, K: Nonlinear Functional Analysis, Springer, New York (1985)