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Multiple solutions of three-point boundary value problems for second-order impulsive differential equation at resonance

Abstract

In this paper, by using the coincidence degree theory and the upper and lower solutions method, we deal with the existence of multiple solutions to three-point boundary value problems for second-order differential equation with impulses at resonance. An example is given to show the validity of our results.

1 Introduction

The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the following second-order impulsive differential equations:

{ ( ρ ( t ) u ( t ) ) = f ( t , u ( t ) , u ( t ) ) , t J , t t k , Δ u ( t k ) = I k ( t k , u ( t k ) ) , k = 1 , 2 , , m , Δ u ( t k ) = J k ( t k , u ( t k ) ) ,
(1.1)

together with the boundary conditions:

u (0)=0,u(1)=u(η),
(1.2)

where J=[0,1], ρ:J(0,+) is a continuous differentiable function, f:J× R 2 R is continuous, 0<η<1, I k , J k C(J,R) for 1km, m is a fixed positive integer, 0= t 0 < t 1 < t 2 << t m < t m + 1 =1, η t k , Δu( t k )=u( t k + )u( t k ) denotes the jump of u(t) at t= t k , Δ u ( t k )= u ( t k + ) u ( t k ). u ( t k + ), u( t k + ) ( u ( t k ), u( t k )) represent the right limit (left limit) of u (t) and u(t) at t= t k , respectively.

Impulsive differential equations describe processes which experience a sudden change of their state at certain moments. The theory of impulse differential equations has been a significant development in recent years and played a very important role in modern applied mathematical models of real processes rising in phenomena studied in physics, population dynamics, chemical technology, biotechnology, and economics; see [110] and the references therein.

Recently, several authors (see [6, 1114] and the references therein) have studied the existence of nontrivial or positive solutions for second-order three-point boundary value problem of the type

{ u = f ( t , u , u ) , u ( 0 ) = 0 , u ( 1 ) = a u ( η ) .
(1.3)

Note that the nonlinear term f depends on u and its derivative u , then the relative problem becomes more complicated. A general method to deal with this difficulty is to add some conditions to restrict the growth of the u term. One condition is the Caratheodory nonlinearity, the other usual condition is Nagumo condition or Nagumo-Winter condition (see [2, 9, 12, 1520]). When a1, the linear operator Lu= u is invertible, this is the so-called non-resonance case. Gupta et al. made use of the Leray-Schauder continuation theorem to get the results on the existence of the solution for the problems (1.3) when a1 in [14]. By using the Leray-Schauder continuation theorem and in the presence of two pairs of upper and lower solutions, Khan and Webb [12] established the existence of at least three solutions for the problem (1.3) when a1. The linear operator Lu= u is non-invertible when a=1, this is the so-called resonance case, and the Leray-Schauder continuation theorem cannot be applied. In [11], by using the coincidence degree theory of Mawhin [21] and some linear or non-linear growth assumptions on f, Feng and Webb obtained the existence of the solution of the problem (1.3) when a=1. By applying the nonlinear alternative of Leray-Schauder, Ma [13] have showed the existence of at least one solution for the problem (1.3) when a=1.

Recently, using the coincidence degree theory and the concept of autonomous curvature bound set, Liu and Yu [6] have studied the existence of at least one solution for the problem (1.1)-(1.2) when Δu( t k )= I k (u( t k ), u ( t k )), Δ u ( t k )= J k (u( t k ), u ( t k )).

In the present paper, we assume that there exist n (nN and n2) pairs of upper and lower solutions for problem (1.1)-(1.2) and the nonlinear f satisfies a Nagumo-like growth condition with respect to u . By considering a suitably modified nonlinearity and applying the coincidence degree method of Mawhin [21], the existence of multiple solutions for the problem (1.1)-(1.2) is given.

2 Preliminaries

Let

X=P C 1 (J) { u ( 0 ) = 0 , u ( 1 ) = u ( η ) } ,Z=PC(J)× R 2 m ,

where

P C ( J ) = { u C ( J ) , u ( t )  and  u ( t + )  exist, and  u ( t k ) = u ( t k ) } . P C 1 ( J ) = { u : J R : u ( t )  is continuously differentiable for  t 0 , 1 , t k ; u ( t ) P C 1 ( J ) =  and  u ( t + )  exist, and  u ( t k ) = u ( t k ) } , J = J { t 1 , t 2 , , t m } .

Obviously, X is a Banach space with the following norm:

u X =max { sup t J | u ( t ) | , sup t J | u ( t ) | } .

In the following, we recall the concept of strict upper and lower solutions for problem (1.1)-(1.2).

Definition 2.1 A function α(t)P C 1 (J) C 2 ( J ) is said to be a strict lower solution of the problem (1.1)-(1.2) if

( ρ ( t ) α ( t ) ) >f ( t , α ( t ) , α ( t ) ) ,t J ,
(2.1)
Δα( t k )= I k ( t k , α ( t k ) ) ,Δ α ( t k ) J k ( t k , α ( t k ) ) ,k=1,2,,m,
(2.2)
α (0)0,α(1)α(η)0.
(2.3)

Similarly, a function β(t)P C 1 (J) C 2 ( J ) is said to be a strict upper solution of the problem (1.1)-(1.2) if

( ρ ( t ) β ( t ) ) <f ( t , β ( t ) , β ( t ) ) ,t J ,
(2.4)
Δβ( t k )= I k ( t k , β ( t k ) ) ,Δ β ( t k ) J k ( t k , β ( t k ) ) ,k=1,2,,m,
(2.5)
β (0)0,β(1)β(η)0.
(2.6)

Remark 2.2 Let f:J× R 2 R be continuous, I k , J k C(J,R), and uP C 1 (J) C 2 ( J ) is a solution of the problem (1.1)-(1.2), if α(β) is a strict lower solution (strict upper solution) for the problem (1.1)-(1.2) with αu (uβ), then α<u (u<β) on (0,1).

Definition 2.3 Let α be a strict lower solution and β be a strict upper solution for the problem (1.1)-(1.2) satisfying α(t)<β(t) on J. We say that f:J× R 2 R has property (H) relative to α and β, if there exists a function ψ C 1 ([0,+),(0,+)) such that

|f(t,u,p)|<ψ ( | p | ) ,
(2.7)

for all u(t)(β(t),α(t))(α(t),β(t)), tJ, and

0 + s θ s + ψ ( s ) ds=+,
(2.8)

where 0θ<+ with | ρ (t)|θ, tJ.

3 The key lemmas

Let domL= C 2 ( J )X, and

L : dom L Z , u ( ( ρ ( t ) u ( t ) ) , Δ u ( t 1 ) , , Δ u ( t m ) , Δ u ( t 1 ) , , Δ u ( t m ) ) , N : u z , u ( f ( t , u , u ) , I 1 ( t 1 , u ( t 1 ) ) , , I m ( t m , u ( t m ) ) , N : u z , u J 1 ( t 1 , u ( t 1 ) ) , , J m ( t m , u ( t m ) ) ) .

Then the problem (1.1)-(1.2) can be written as

Lu=Nu,udomL.

Lemma 3.1 Suppose that L be defined in the above. Then L is a Fredholm operator of index zero. Furthermore

Ker(L)={uX:u=c,cR},
(3.1)

and

Im ( L ) = { ( y , a 1 , , a m , b 1 , , b m ) : ( ρ ( t ) u ( t ) ) = y ( t ) , Δ u ( t k ) = a k , Δ u ( t k ) = b k , k = 1 , , m , for some y dom L } = { ( y , a 1 , , a m , b 1 , , b m ) : η 1 1 ρ ( s ) 0 s y ( τ ) d τ d s + η 1 1 ρ ( s ) t k < s ρ ( t k ) b k d s + η < t k < 1 a k = 0 } .
(3.2)

Proof Firstly, it is clear that (3.1) holds. Next, we shall prove that (3.2) holds.

The following problem:

{ ( ρ ( t ) u ( t ) ) = y ( t ) , Δ u ( t k ) = a k , Δ u ( t k ) = b k , k = 1 , , m
(3.3)

has a solution u(t) satisfying u (0)=0 and u(1)=u(η) if and only if

η 1 1 ρ ( s ) 0 s y(τ)dτds+ η 1 1 ρ ( s ) t k < s ρ( t k ) b k ds+ η < t k < 1 a k =0.
(3.4)

In fact, if (3.3) has a solution u(t) satisfying u (0)=0, u(1)=u(η), then from (3.3) we have

u(t)=u(0)+ 0 t 1 ρ ( s ) 0 s y(τ)dτds+ 0 t 1 ρ ( s ) t k < s ρ( t k ) b k ds+ t k < t a k .

According to u (0)=0, u(1)=u(η), we get (3.4).

On the other hand, if (3.4) holds, setting

u(t)=c+ 0 t 1 ρ ( s ) 0 s y(τ)dτds+ 0 t 1 ρ ( s ) t k < s ρ( t k ) b k ds+ t k < t a k ,

where c is an arbitrary constant, then u(t) is a solution of (3.3) with u (0)=0, u(1)=u(η). Hence (3.2) holds. □

Take the projector Q:ZZ as follows:

Q ( y , a 1 , , a m , b 1 , , b m ) = ( 1 ϕ ( 1 ) ϕ ( η ) [ η 1 1 ρ ( s ) 0 s y ( τ ) d τ d s + η 1 1 ρ ( s ) t k < s ρ ( t k ) b k d s + η < t k < 1 a k ] , 0 , , 0 ) ,
(3.5)

where ϕ(t)= 0 t s ρ ( s ) ds, t(0,1). For every (y, a 1 ,, a m , b 1 ,, b m )Z, set

z=( y 1 , a 1 ,, a m , b 1 ,, b m )=(y, a 1 ,, a m , b 1 ,, b m )Q(y, a 1 ,, a m , b 1 ,, b m ).

Thus, we obtain

η 1 1 ρ ( s ) 0 s y 1 ( τ ) d τ d s + η 1 1 ρ ( s ) t k < s ρ ( t k ) b k d s + η < t k < 1 a k = [ η 1 1 ρ ( s ) 0 s y ( τ ) d τ d s + η 1 1 ρ ( s ) t k < s ρ ( t k ) b k d s + η < t k < 1 a k ] × [ 1 1 ϕ ( 1 ) ϕ ( η ) η 1 d s ρ ( s ) ] = 0 .

Then zImL. Hence Z=ImL+R. Since ImLR={0}, we have Z=ImLR, which implies dimKer(L)=domR=codimImL=1. Hence L is a Fredholm operator of index zero.

Take P:ZZ, Pu=u(0). So the generalized inverse K P :ImLdomLKerP of L can be written as

K P z ( t ) = K P ( y , a 1 , , a m , b 1 , , b m ) = 0 t 1 ρ ( s ) 0 s y ( τ ) d τ d s + 0 t 1 ρ ( s ) t k < s ρ ( t k ) b k d s + t k < t a k .
(3.6)

Set δ:= min t J ρ(t)>0, d1. Then for the function ψ defined by (2.8), let h 1 (u) be the solution of the following initial value problem:

δy y +θy+ψ(y)=0,y(0)=d,
(3.7)

and h 2 (u) be the solution of the following initial value problem:

δy y θyψ(y)=0,y(0)=d.
(3.8)

Lemma 3.2 Suppose that there exists a constant M>0, then h 1 (u) is well defined in [0,M] and positive on this interval, h 2 (u) is also well defined and positive in [M,0]. Moreover, if d1, then h 1 (u)1 for any u[0,M]; h 2 (u)1 for any u[M,0].

Proof We only consider the case y= h 1 (u) (in the case y= h 2 (u), the proof is similar). Assume that there exists a u[0,M] such that y(u)= h 1 (u)=0. Let u 0 =inf{u: h 1 (u)=0,u[0,M]}. It follows from (3.7) that

y y θ y + ψ ( y ) = δ 1 ,y>0.

Integrating the above equation over [0, u 0 ] we get (let τ=y(s))

0 u 0 y ( s ) y ( s ) d s θ y ( s ) + ψ ( y ( s ) ) = 0 d τ d τ θ τ + ψ ( τ ) = δ 1 u 0 δ 1 M.

However, the left side of the above equation equals ∞ by (2.8). We reach a contradiction. Hence h 1 (u)>0 for every u0. From d1, by the continuity of solution of differential equations on the initial values, we obtain h 1 (u)1 for u[0,M]. The proof is complete. □

Define the following sets:

G = { ( t , u , p ) : t J , | u | < M , | p | < h 1 ( u )  for  u [ 0 , M ] , G =  and  | p | < h 2 ( u )  for  u [ M , 0 ] } , Ω = { u P C 1 ( J ) : ( t , u ( t ) , u ( t ) ) G , t J ; ( t k + , u ( t k + ) , u ( t k + ) ) G , k = 1 , , m } .

Define the function h(u) as

h(u)={ h 1 ( u ) , u [ 0 , M ] , h 2 ( u ) , u [ M , 0 ] .
(3.9)

Lemma 3.3 Let Deg denote the coincidence degree. Let the following conditions hold:

  1. (i)

    f(t,M,0)<0<f(t,M,0), tJ (M is given in Lemma 3.2);

  2. (ii)

    |f(t,u,p)|<ψ(|p|), tJ, |u|M, pR;

  3. (iii)

    I k ( t k ,±M)=0, and J k ( t k ,M)<0< J k ( t k ,M), k=1,,m.

Then

Deg [ ( L , N ) , Ω ] =1.

Proof Consider the following family of equations:

Lu=λNu,λ(0,1].
(3.10)

We will show

LuλNu,uΩ,λ(0,1].
(3.11)

If not, then there exist some λ(0,1] and uΩ such that (3.10) holds. Note that uΩ if and only if (t,u(t), u (t)) G ¯ and either ( t ¯ ,u( t ¯ ), u ( t ¯ ))G for some t ¯ J, or ( t k 0 + ,u( t k 0 + ), u ( t k 0 + ))Ω for some k 0 {1,2,,m}. There are two possibilities.

Case (I). If ( t ¯ ,u( t ¯ ), u ( t ¯ ))G, t ¯ [0,1], t ¯ t k + . In this case, |u( t ¯ )|=M, or | u ( t ¯ )|=h(u( t ¯ )).

Subcase (1). Suppose |u( t ¯ )|=M. Let g(t)= 1 2 ( u ( t ) ) 2 1 2 M. Then g(t)0, tJ and g( t ¯ )=0. When t t ¯ (0,1), g(t)0, we get

0 g ( t ¯ 0)=u( t ¯ ) u ( t ¯ ).

If g ( t ¯ 0)=0, then u ( t ¯ )=0. From condition (i), we have

0 g ( t ¯ 0)= ( u ( t ¯ ) ) 2 + u ( t ¯ ) ρ ( t ¯ ) ( ρ ( t ¯ ) u ( t ¯ ) ) =± M ρ ( t ¯ ) λf( t ¯ ,±M,0)>0,

which is a contradiction.

If g ( t ¯ 0)>0, then t ¯ = t k 0 for some k 0 {1,,m} and g ( t k 0 0)>0. Thus from (iii), we have

g ( t k 0 + 0 ) = [ u ( t k 0 ) + λ I k 0 ( t k 0 , u ( t k 0 ) ) ] [ u ( t k 0 ) + λ J k 0 ( t k 0 , u ( t k 0 ) ) ] = u ( t k 0 ) u ( t k 0 ) + u ( t k 0 ) λ J k 0 ( t k 0 , u ( t k 0 ) ) + u ( t k 0 ) λ I k 0 ( t k 0 , u ( t k 0 ) ) + λ 2 I k 0 ( t k 0 , u ( t k 0 ) ) J k 0 ( t k 0 , u ( t k 0 ) ) = g ( t k 0 0 ) + [ ± M λ J k 0 ( t k 0 , ± M ) ] > 0 .

On the other hand, g(t)0, tJ and g( t k 0 +0)=0, thus

0 g ( t k 0 +0)= [ u ( t k 0 ) + λ I k 0 ( t k 0 , u ( t k 0 ) ) ] [ u ( t k 0 ) + λ J k 0 ( t k 0 , u ( t k 0 ) ) ] >0,

which is a contradiction.

If t ¯ =0, it is easy to see that g(0)=0. Since u (0)=0, we have g (0)=0, thus we can obtain g (0)0. However, from condition (i) we know

0ρ(0) g (0)=u(0)λf ( 0 , u ( 0 ) , 0 ) >0,

which is a contradiction.

If t ¯ =1, then |u(1)|=M. This means that u(1)G. Since u(η)=u(1), we have u(η)G. However, according to the above arguments, we know u(η)G, which is a contradiction.

Subcase (2). Suppose | u ( t ¯ )|=h(u( t ¯ )) for t ¯ ( t k 0 , t k 0 + 1 ], k 0 {0,1,,m}. Obviously, t ¯ 0. Since | ( ρ ( t ) u ( t ) ) |=|f(t,u(t), u (t))|<ψ(| u (t)|). Thus we get

ρ ( t ) | u ( t ) | | ρ ( t ) | | u ( t ) | < ψ ( | u ( t ) | ) , | u ( t ) | < 1 δ [ | ρ ( t ) | | u ( t ) | + ψ ( | u ( t ) | ) ] 1 δ [ θ | u ( t ) | + ψ ( | u ( t ) | ) ] .
(3.12)

Let

p(t)= 1 2 ( u ( t ¯ ) ) 2 1 2 ( h ( u ( t ) ) ) 2 .

Without loss of generality, we suppose that u ( t ¯ )=h(u( t ¯ ))>0 for t ¯ ( t k 0 , t k 0 + 1 ]. Then we have three possibilities.

(i) If u( t ¯ )=0, then there exists a sufficiently small neighborhood of t ¯ such that u(t)>0. Thus p(t)= 1 2 ( u ( t ) ) 2 1 2 ( h 1 ( u ( t ) ) ) 2 , and p(t) has a local maximum value on t ¯ , which implies p ( t ¯ +0)0. But in this case, from (3.7), (3.12), and (ii), we have

p ( t ¯ + 0 ) = u ( t ¯ ) [ u ( t ¯ ) h 1 ( u ( t ¯ ) ) h 1 ( u ( t ¯ ) ) ] > u ( t ¯ ) [ 1 δ ( θ u ( t ¯ ) + ψ ( | u ( t ¯ ) | ) ) + θ h 1 ( u ( t ) ) + ψ ( h 1 ( u ( t ) ) ) δ ] = 0 ,
(3.13)

which is a contradiction.

(ii) If u( t ¯ )<0, then there exists a sufficiently small neighborhood of t ¯ such that u(t)<0. Thus p(t)= 1 2 ( u ( t ) ) 2 1 2 ( h 2 ( u ( t ) ) ) 2 , and p(t) has a local maximum value on t ¯ , which implies p ( t ¯ )0. But in this case, from (3.8), (3.12), and (ii), we have

p ( t ¯ ) = u ( t ¯ ) [ u ( t ¯ ) h 2 ( u ( t ¯ ) ) h 2 ( u ( t ¯ ) ) ] < u ( t ¯ ) [ 1 δ ( θ u ( t ¯ ) + ψ ( | u ( t ¯ ) | ) ) θ h 2 ( u ( t ) ) + ψ ( h 2 ( u ( t ) ) ) δ ] = 0 ,

which is a contradiction.

(iii) If u( t ¯ )>0, then there exists a sufficiently small neighborhood of t ¯ such that u(t)>0. Thus p(t)= 1 2 ( u ( t ) ) 2 1 2 ( h 1 ( u ( t ) ) ) 2 . By the same argument as in (3.13), we reach a contradiction.

Case (II). ( t k 0 + ,u( t k 0 + ), u ( t k 0 + ))Ω for some k 0 {1,2,,m}. In this case, |u( t k 0 + )|=M, or | u ( t k 0 + )|=h(u( t k 0 + )).

Subcase (3). Suppose |u( t k 0 + )|=M for some k 0 {1,2,,m}. Let g(t) be defined in the above. Obviously, we have g(t)0 for tJ and g( t k 0 +0)=0. It follows from (iii) that

0 g ( t k 0 + 0 ) = [ u ( t k 0 ) + λ I k 0 ( t k 0 , u ( t k 0 ) ) ] [ u ( t k 0 ) + λ J k 0 ( t k 0 , u ( t k 0 ) ) ] = u ( t k 0 ) u ( t k 0 ) + u ( t k 0 ) λ J k 0 ( t k 0 , u ( t k 0 ) ) .

If g ( t k 0 +0)=0, then u ( t k 0 + )=0. Form (3.11) and (i), we have

0 g ( t k 0 +0)= ( u ( t k 0 + ) ) 2 + u ( t k 0 + ) ρ ( t k 0 + ) ( ρ ( t k 0 ) u ( t k 0 + ) ) =± M ρ ( t k 0 + ) λf( t k 0 ,±M,0)>0,

which is a contradiction.

If g ( t k 0 +0)<0, together with (iii), we get g ( t k 0 0)=u( t k 0 ) u ( t k 0 )<0. But g( t k 0 )=0 and g(t)0 for tJ, which yields g ( t k 0 0)>0, and we reach a contradiction.

Similar to subcase (2), we can show that | u ( t k 0 + )|=h(u( t k 0 + )) is also impossible. Combining the results of case (I) and case (II) we obtain (3.11).

On the other hand, for λ(0,1], it follows from [21] that (3.10) is equivalent to the following family of operator equations:

u=Pu+QNu+λ K P (EQ)Nu,
(3.14)

where E is the identity mapping.

Note that KerL=R, and

ΩKerL= { c R : ( t , c , p ) G , t J ; ( t k + , c , p ) G ,  for some  k = 1 , , m } .

From (3.5) and (3.6), we have

Q N u = ( 1 ϕ ( 1 ) ϕ ( η ) [ η 1 1 ρ ( s ) 0 s f ( τ , u ( τ ) , u ( τ ) ) d τ d s + η 1 1 ρ ( s ) t k < s ρ ( t k ) J k ( t k , u ( t k ) ) d s + η < t k < 1 I k ( t k , u ( t k ) ) ] , 0 , , 0 ) ,

and

K P ( E Q ) N u = 1 ϕ ( 1 ) ϕ ( η ) [ 0 t 1 ρ ( s ) 0 s f ( τ , u ( τ ) , u ( τ ) ) d τ d s + 0 t 1 ρ ( s ) t k < s ρ ( t k ) J k ( t k , u ( t k ) ) d s + t k < t I k ( t k , u ( t k ) ) ] ϕ ( t ) ϕ ( 1 ) ϕ ( η ) [ η 1 1 ρ ( s ) 0 s f ( τ , u ( τ ) , u ( τ ) ) d τ d s + η 1 1 ρ ( s ) t k < s ρ ( t k ) J k ( t k , u ( t k ) ) d s + η < t k < 1 I k ( t k , u ( t k ) ) ] .

By the Ascoli-Arzela theorem, it is easy to show that QN( Ω ¯ ) is bounded and K P (EQ)N: Ω ¯ X is compact. Thus N is L-compact on Ω ¯ .

Define a mapping H: Ω ¯ ×[0,1]X,

H(u,λ)=Pu+QNu+λ K P (EQ)Nu,(u,λ) Ω ¯ ×[0,1].

Then it is easy to prove that H(u,λ) is completely continuous and we claim that

u=H(u,λ),uΩ,0λ1.
(3.15)

In fact, for 0<λ1, it follows from (3.10) and (3.14) that (3.15) holds. For λ=0, if there exists a u ¯ Ω such that u ¯ =H( u ¯ ,0), that is u ¯ =P u ¯ +QN u ¯ , in this case, QN u ¯ =0, u ¯ KerL, hence u ¯ =M or u ¯ =M. However, it follows from (iii) that

Q N ( c ) = 1 ϕ ( 1 ) ϕ ( η ) [ η 1 1 ρ ( s ) 0 s f ( τ , c , 0 ) d τ d s + η 1 1 ρ ( s ) t k < s ρ ( t k ) J k ( t k , c ) d s + η < t k < 1 I k ( t k , c ) ] = 1 ϕ ( 1 ) ϕ ( η ) η 1 1 ρ ( s ) 0 s f ( τ , c , 0 ) d τ d s + η 1 1 ρ ( s ) t k < s ρ ( t k ) J k ( t k , c ) d s , c R .

Thus we get QN(M)>0 and QN(M)<0, which contradicts u=Pu+QNu for uKerL. Therefore (3.15) holds. As follows from [21] and by using the invariance of Leray-Schauder degree under homotopy, we obtain

Deg ( E H ( , 1 ) , Ω , 0 ) = Deg ( E H ( , 0 ) , Ω , 0 ) = Deg B ( ( E P Q N ) | Ker L Ω ¯ , Ker L Ω , 0 ) = Deg B ( ( Q N ) | Ker L Ω ¯ , Ker L Ω , 0 ) .

Since KerL is one dimensional and QN(M)>0, QN(M)<0, we get

Deg B ( ( Q N ) | Ker L Ω ¯ , Ker L Ω , 0 ) =1.

From the property of coincidence degree we proved Lemma 3.3. □

Lemma 3.4 Assume that

(c1) there exist lower and upper solutions α(t), β(t) of the problem (1.1)-(1.2), respectively, with α(t)<β(t);

(c2) f:J× R 2 R is continuous and has property (H) relative to α, β;

(c3) I k , J k are continuous for each k=1,2,,m, and satisfy

I k ( t k , α ( t k ) ) = I k ( t k , β ( t k ) ) =0,and J k ( t k , α ( t k ) ) <0< J k ( t k , β ( t k ) ) .

Then Deg[(L,N), Ω α β ]=1.

Proof Choose M>0 large enough for u,pR, u(β(t),α(t))(α(t),β(t)), tJ, such that

f ( t , β ( t ) , 0 ) + M β ( t ) > 0 , M > β ( t ) , t J , f ( t , α ( t ) , 0 ) M α ( t ) < 0 , M < α ( t ) , t J , J k ( t k , α ( t k ) ) M α ( t k ) < 0 < J k ( t k , β ( t k ) ) + M β ( t k ) , k = 1 , , m ,

and let h i (u) (i=1,2) be defined in (3.7) and (3.8), then it follows from Lemma 3.2 that we can choose d>0 large enough such that

min [ 0 , M ] h 1 ( u ) > max { max t J | β ( t ) | , max t J | α ( t ) | } , min [ M , 0 ] h 2 ( u ) > max { max t J | β ( t ) | , max t J | α ( t ) | } .

Define a set Ω α β as

Ω α β = { u P C 1 ( J ) | ( t , u , p ) : α ( t ) < u < β ( t ) , | p | < h ( u ) , t J } ,

where h(u) is given in (3.9).

Define the auxiliary functions F and I ¯ k , J ¯ k as follows:

F ( t , u , p ) = f ( t , n ( t , u ) , q ( t , p ) ) + u ( t ) n ( t , u ) , t J , I ¯ k ( t k , u ( t k ) ) = I k ( t k , n ( t k , u ( t k ) ) ) , k { 1 , , m } , J ¯ k ( t k , u ( t k ) ) = J k ( t k , n ( t k , u ( t k ) ) ) + u ( t k ) n ( t k , u ( t k ) ) , k { 1 , , m } ,

where

n ( t , u ( t ) ) = { β ( t ) , β ( t ) < u M , u ( t ) , α ( t ) u β ( t ) , α ( t ) , M u < α ( t ) , q ( t , p ) = { h ( u ) , p > h ( u ) , | u | M , p , | p | h ( u ) , | u | M , h ( u ) , p < h ( u ) , | u | M .

We then generalize F to J× R 2 and I ¯ k , J ¯ k :J×RR. It is easy to see that F, I ¯ k , J ¯ k are continuous and satisfy

F ( t , M , 0 ) < 0 < F ( t , M , 0 ) , I ¯ k ( t k , ± M ) = 0 , and J ¯ k ( t k , M ) < 0 < J ¯ k ( t k , + M ) , k { 1 , , m } .

Moreover, when |u|M, F, I ¯ k , J ¯ k are bounded. It follows from Lemma 3.3 that

Deg [ ( L , N ¯ ) , Ω ] =1,

where

N ¯ u= ( F ( t , u , u ) , I ¯ 1 ( t 1 , u ( t 1 ) ) , , I ¯ m ( t m , u ( t m ) ) , J ¯ 1 ( t 1 , u ( t 1 ) ) , , J ¯ m ( t m , u ( t m ) ) ) .

Next we show

Deg [ ( L , N ¯ ) , Ω α β ] =1.
(3.16)

It suffices to show that

Lu= N ¯ u,u Ω ¯ Ω α β .
(3.17)

In fact, let u Ω ¯ such that Lu= N ¯ u and assume that

max t J { u ( t ) β ( t ) } =u(τ)β(τ)0.

Case (1). If there exists τ(0,1), τ t k such that the function y(t)=u(t)β(t) attains its maximum value y(τ)0, which implies y (τ)=0 and y (τ)0. But on the other hand,

ρ ( τ ) y ( τ ) = ( ρ ( τ ) u ( τ ) ) ( ρ ( τ ) β ( τ ) ) = F ( τ , β ( τ ) , u ( τ ) ) + u ( τ ) β ( τ ) ( ρ ( τ ) β ( τ ) ) = f ( τ , β ( τ ) , β ( τ ) ) + u ( τ ) β ( τ ) ( ρ ( τ ) β ( τ ) ) > 0 ,
(3.18)

which implies y (τ)>0. We reach a contradiction.

If τ=0, then y(0)0, y (0)0. On the other hand, since u (0)=0 and β(t) is a strict upper solution of problem (1.1)-(1.2), we see that y (0)= u (0) β (0)0. Thus y (0)=0. Note that y(t) assumes the maximum value at t=0, there exists τ 0 (0,1), τ 0 t k such that y( τ 0 )0 and y ( τ 0 )0. By the same argument as in (3.18) where τ= τ 0 , we reach a contradiction.

If τ=1, then y(1)=u(1)β(1)0. According to (2.6), we get

y(1)=u(1)β(1)u(1)β(η)=u(η)β(η)=y(η),

if y(η)>y(1), which is a contradiction. Thus y(η)=y(1), which implies that y(t) also attains its maximum value at t=η. By the same argument as in (3.18) where τ=η, we reach a contradiction.

Hence the function y(t) cannot have any nonnegative maximum value on the interval (0,1), t t k for k{0,1,,m}.

Case (2). If there exists a τJ such that y(τ)=u(τ)β(τ)=ε0, from case (1), we get τ= t k for some k=1,2,,m. Hence n( t k ,u( t k ))=β( t k ), β ( t k ) u ( t k ), and consequently we have y( t k + )=y( t k )=ε, which implies y ( t k + )0, because

u ( t k + ) u ( t k ) = J ¯ k ( t k , u ( t k ) ) = J k ( t k , β ( t k ) ) + u ( t k ) β ( t k ) J k ( t k , β ( t k ) ) β ( t k + ) β ( t k ) .

Consequently, we get u ( t k + )= β ( t k + ) or y ( t k + )=0 and D + y ( t k + )0.

By the continuity of f and β(t) is a strict upper solution of problem (1.1)-(1.2), there exists a sequence ζ j R with ζ j >0, ζ j 0, as j such that

D + ρ ( t k ) β ( t k + ) = lim j sup ρ ( t k + ζ j ) β ( t k + ζ j ) ρ ( t k ) β ( t k ) ζ j = lim j ( ρ ( t k + ζ j ) β ( t k + ζ j ) ) < lim j [ f ( t k + ζ j , β ( t k + ζ j ) , β ( t k + ζ j ) ) ] = f ( t k , β ( t k + ) , β ( t k + ) ) ,
(3.19)

where ζ j ( t k , t k + ζ j ) are from the mean value theorem. As before, we also get

D + ρ( t k ) u ( t k + ) =F ( t k , u ( t k + ) , u ( t k + ) ) ,

where D + ρ( t k ) u ( t k + )= lim j inf ρ ( t k + ζ j ) u ( t k + ζ j ) ρ ( t k ) u ( t k ) ζ j . As a result, we can obtain

D + ρ( t k ) β ( t k + ) D + ρ( t k ) u ( t k + ) =f ( t k , β ( t k + ) , β ( t k + ) ) +y ( t k + ) f ( t k , β ( t k + ) , β ( t k + ) )

which is a contradiction to (3.19).

Case (3). If y(t)=u(t)β(t)<ε for all tJ, then there must be a k 0 (1 k 0 m) such that y( t k 0 + )=u( t k 0 + )β( t k 0 + )=ε, and y( t k 0 )<ε, which implies β( t k 0 + )β( t k 0 )<u( t k 0 + )u( t k 0 ). Namely, Δβ( t k 0 )<Δu( t k 0 ). However, this is impossible because

Δu( t k 0 )= I ¯ k 0 ( t k 0 , n ( t k 0 , u ( t k 0 ) ) ) = I k 0 ( t k 0 , β ( t k 0 ) ) =Δβ( t k 0 ).

Thus we have proved that u(t)<β(t) on J. Similarly we can show that α(t)<u(t) on J. It then follows that α(t)<u(t)<β(t) on J.

We now shall prove that

| u (t)|<h ( u ( t ) ) for t[ t k , t k + 1 ],k=0,1,,m.
(3.20)

Assume that (3.20) cannot hold. Thus there are two possibilities:

  1. (a)

    There exists τ( t k 0 , t k 0 + 1 ] for some k 0 {0,1,,m} such that | u (τ)|h(u(τ)).

  2. (b)

    There exists some k 0 {0,1,,m} such that | u ( t k 0 + )|h(u( t k 0 + )).

For case (a), we assume max t ( t k 0 , t k 0 + 1 ] { u (t)h(u(t))}= max t ( t k 0 , t k 0 + 1 ] r(t)= u (τ)h(u(τ))0.

Since | ( ρ ( t ) u ( t ) ) |=|F(t,u(t), u (t))|=|f(t,u(t),h(u(t)))|<ψ(h(u(t))). Thus we have

ρ ( t ) | u ( t ) | | ρ ( t ) | | u ( t ) | < ψ ( h ( u ( t ) ) ) , | u ( t ) | < 1 δ [ | ρ ( t ) | | u ( t ) | + ψ ( h ( u ( t ) ) ) ] 1 δ [ θ | u ( t ) | + ψ ( h ( u ( t ) ) ) ] .
(3.21)

If u(τ)=0, then there exists a sufficiently small neighborhood of τ such that u(t)>0. Thus r(t)= u (t) h 1 (u(t)) and r (τ+0)0. However, it follows from (3.7) and (3.21) that

0 r ( τ + 0 ) = u ( τ ) h 1 ( u ( τ ) ) u ( τ ) > 1 δ [ θ u ( τ ) + ψ ( h 1 ( u ( τ ) ) ) ] + ψ ( h 1 ( u ( τ ) ) ) + θ h 1 ( u ( τ ) ) δ h 1 ( u ( τ ) ) u ( τ ) = ψ ( h 1 ( u ( τ ) ) ) δ h 1 ( u ( τ ) ) [ u ( τ ) h 1 ( u ( τ ) ) ] 0 ,
(3.22)

which is a contradiction.

If u(τ)<0, then there exists a sufficiently small neighborhood of τ such that u(t)<0. Thus r(t)= u (t) h 2 (u(t)) and r (τ)=0. However, it follows from (3.8) and (3.21) that

0 = r ( τ ) = u ( τ ) h 2 ( u ( τ ) ) u ( τ ) < 1 δ [ θ u ( τ ) + ψ ( h 1 ( u ( τ ) ) ) ] ψ ( h 2 ( u ( τ ) ) ) + θ h 2 ( u ( τ ) ) δ h 2 ( u ( τ ) ) u ( τ ) = ψ ( h 2 ( u ( τ ) ) ) δ h 2 ( u ( τ ) ) [ u ( τ ) h 2 ( u ( τ ) ) ] 0 ,

a contradiction.

If u(τ)>0, then there exists a sufficiently small neighborhood of τ such that u(t)>0. Thus r(t)= u (t) h 1 (u(t)) and r (τ)=0. By the similarly argument as in (3.22), we reach a contradiction.

Hence u (t)<h(u(t)), t( t k , t k + 1 ], k=0,1,,m. Similarly, we can prove h(u(t))< u (t), t( t k , t k + 1 ], k=0,1,,m.

Likewise, we can show that case (b) is also impossible, and thus (3.20) holds. Combining the above results, we see that if uΩ, Lu= N ¯ u, then u Ω α β . Hence (3.17) is proved. From the property of coincidence, we know that (3.16) holds. Since in Ω α β , F=f, we have N= N ¯ . The proof is complete. □

4 Main results

We are now in a position to prove our main result on the existence of at least 2n1 solutions of boundary value problem (1.1)-(1.2).

Theorem 4.1 Assume that

(H1) there exist n (nN and n2) pairs of strict lower and upper solutions { α i ( t ) } i = 1 n , { β i ( t ) } i = 1 n of the problem (1.1)-(1.2) such that

α 1 (t)< β 1 (t)< α 2 (t)< β 2 (t)<< α n (t)< β n (t),tJ;

(H2) f:J× R 2 R, f(t,u,p) is continuous on J × R 2 and has property (H) relative to α 1 (t), β n (t);

(H3) I k , J k are continuous for each k=1,2,,m, and satisfy

I k ( t k , α i ( t k ) ) = I k ( t k , β i ( t k ) ) = 0 , and J k ( t k , α i ( t k ) ) < 0 < J k ( t k , β i ( t k ) ) , i = 1 , 2 , , n .

Then BVP (1.1)-(1.2) has at least 2n1 solutions u 1 (t), u 2 (t),, u 2 n 1 (t) such that α 1 (t)< u 1 (t)< β 1 (t), α 2 (t)< u 2 (t)< β 2 (t),, α n (t)< u n (t)< β n (t), and

min t J u n + 1 ( t ) < α 2 ( t ) , max t J u n + 1 ( t ) > β 1 ( t ) , , min t J u 2 n 1 ( t ) < α n ( t ) , max t J u 2 n 1 ( t ) > β n 1 ( t ) .

Proof Choose M>0 large enough such that, for i=1,2,,n,

f ( t , β i ( t ) , 0 ) + M β i ( t ) > 0 , M > β i ( t ) , t J , f ( t , α i ( t ) , 0 ) M α i ( t ) < 0 , M < α i ( t ) , t J , J k ( t k , α i ( t k ) ) M α i ( t k ) < 0 < J k ( t k , β i ( t k ) ) + M β i ( t k ) , k = 1 , , m ,

and let h(u) be defined in (3.10), then it follows from Lemma 3.4 that we can take d>0 large enough such that, for all u[M,M],

min [ 0 , M ] h 1 ( u ) > max { max t J | β i ( t ) | , max t J | α i ( t ) | , i = 1 , 2 , , n } , min [ M , 0 ] h 2 ( u ) > max { max t J | β i ( t ) | , max t J | α i ( t ) | , i = 1 , 2 , , n } .

Define the set G i (i=1,2,,n) as

G i = { u P C 1 ( J ) | ( t , u , p ) : α i ( t ) < u < β i ( t ) , | p | < h ( u ) , t J } .

Also

G n + 1 = { u P C 1 ( J ) | ( t , u , p ) : α 1 ( t ) < u < β n + 1 ( t ) , | p | < h ( u ) , t J } .

For i=1,2,,n+1, we define the sets

Ω i = { u P C 1 ( J ) : ( t , u ( t ) , u ( t ) ) G i , t J ; ( t k + , u ( t k + ) , u ( t k + ) ) G i , k = 1 , , m } .

Then by Lemma 3.4, we have

Deg [ ( L , N ) , Ω i ] =1,i=1,2,,n+1.

From the additive property of coincidence degree, we obtain

Deg [ ( L , N ) , Ω n + 1 Ω 1 Ω 2 Ω n ¯ ] =n11.

Since n2 is arbitrary, we first deal with the case n=2, the above discussion implies that the equation Lu=Nu, that is, the problem (1.1)-(1.2) has at least one solution in the set Ω 1 , Ω 2 and Ω 3 Ω 1 Ω 2 ¯ respectively. That is, there exist at least three different solutions u 1 (t), u 2 (t) and u 3 (t) such that

α 1 (t)< u 1 (t)< β 1 (t), α 2 (t)< u 2 (t)< β 2 (t),on J,

and min t J u 3 (t)< α 2 (t), max t J u 3 (t)> β 1 (t).

For n=3, replacing α 1 , α 2 , β 1 , β 2 by α 2 , α 3 , β 2 , β 3 respectively, then we can obtain another two different solutions u 4 (t), u 5 (t) of the problem (1.1)-(1.2) such that

α 3 (t)< u 4 (t)< β 3 (t),and min t J u 5 (t)< α 3 (t), max t J u 5 (t)> β 2 (t).

Along this way, we can complete the proof by the induction method. □

We now present an example to illustrate that the assumptions of our theorem can be verified.

Example 1 Consider the following boundary value problem:

{ ( ρ ( t ) u ) = a 2 a sin 2 π u ( t ) cos 4 π u ( t ) + b t 2 ( ρ ( t ) u ) = + 1 2 ( u ) 2 ( 1 + sin 2 u ) , t [ 0 , 1 ] , t t k , Δ u ( t k ) = ( t k u ( t k ) ) cos 2 π u ( t k ) , k = 1 , , m , Δ u ( t k ) = t k 16 t g π u ( t k ) , k = 1 , , m , u ( 0 ) = 0 , u ( 1 ) = u ( η ) ,
(4.1)

where ρ(t)=c+sinπt, c>1, 0<b<a 1 12 , 0<η<1, 0< t 1 < t 2 << t m <1, η t k .

First, we have ρ(t)c1>0 and | ρ (t)|=|cost|1, thus θ=1, δ=c1.

Next, it is clear that { α i } i = 1 n ={ 1 4 , 3 4 ,,n 5 4 } and { β i } i = 1 n ={ 1 4 , 5 4 ,,n 3 4 } are n (nN and n2) pairs of strict lower and upper solutions of the problem (4.1), respectively. It can be seen that I k ( t k , α i ( t k ))= I k ( t k , β i ( t k ))=0, J k ( t k , α i ( t k ))<0, J k ( t k , β i ( t k ))>0, i=1,,n. Thus conditions (H1) and (H3) of Theorem (4.1) hold.

Since f(t,u,p)=a2asin2πucos4πu+b t 2 + 1 2 p 2 (1+ sin 2 p), it follows that

f ( t , i 5 4 , 0 ) = a 2 a sin ( 2 π ( i 5 4 ) ) cos ( 4 π ( i 5 4 ) ) + b t 2 f ( t , i 5 4 , 0 ) = a 2 a + b t 2 b a < 0 , i = 1 , , n . f ( t , i 3 4 , 0 ) = a 2 a sin ( 2 π ( i 3 4 ) ) cos ( 4 π ( i 3 4 ) ) + b t 2 f ( t , i 3 4 , 0 ) = a + 2 a + b t 2 > 0 , i = 1 , , n .

For all u((n 5 4 ), 1 4 )( 1 4 ,(n 5 4 )), we have

|f(t,u,p)|3a+b t 2 + p 2 3a+b+ p 2 < 1 3 + p 2 .

Take ψ(p)= 1 3 + p 2 , then

0 + s θ s + ψ ( s ) ds= 0 + s s + 1 3 + s 2 ds=+.

Hence f has property (H). It follows from Theorem 4.1 that the problem (4.1) has at least 2n1 different solutions u 1 (t),, u n (t),, u 2 n 1 (t) such that

1 4 < u 1 ( t ) < 1 4 , 3 4 < u 2 ( t ) < 5 4 , , ( n 5 4 ) < u n ( t ) < ( n 3 4 ) , and min t J u n + 1 ( t ) < 3 4 , max t J u n + 1 ( t ) > 1 4 , , min t J u 2 n 1 ( t ) < n 5 4 , max t J u 2 n 1 ( t ) > n 7 4 .

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Acknowledgements

The authors are highly grateful to the referees for careful reading and comments on this paper. The research is supported by Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 13JJ3106, and 12JJ2004); it is also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61074067, 11271372, and 11201138).

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Zhao, Y., Chen, H. & Zhang, Q. Multiple solutions of three-point boundary value problems for second-order impulsive differential equation at resonance. Bound Value Probl 2014, 103 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-2770-2014-103

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