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Fixed point problem associated with state-dependent impulsive boundary value problems

Abstract

The paper investigates a fixed point problem in the space ( W 1 , ( [ a , b ] ; R n ) ) p + 1 which is connected to boundary value problems with state-dependent impulses of the form z (t)=f(t,z(t)), a.e. t[a,b]R, z( τ i +)z( τ i )= J i ( τ i ,z( τ i )), (z)= c 0 . Here, the impulse instants τ i are determined as solutions of the equations τ i = γ i (z( τ i )), i=1,,p. We assume that n,pN, c 0 R n , the vector function f satisfies the Carathéodory conditions on [a,b]× R n , the impulse functions J i , i=1,,p, are continuous on [a,b]× R n , and the barrier functions γ i , i=1,,p, are continuous on R n . The operator is an arbitrary linear and bounded operator on the space of left-continuous regulated on [a,b] vector valued functions and is represented by the Kurzweil-Stieltjes integral. Provided the data functions f and J i are bounded, transversality conditions which guarantee that this fixed point problem is solvable are presented. As a result it is possible to realize the construction of a solution of the above impulsive problem.

MSC: 34B37, 34B10, 34B15.

1 Introduction

In the literature most of impulsive boundary value problems deals with impulses at fixed times. This is the case that moments, where impulses act in state variables, are known (cf. Section 2). The theory of these impulsive problems is widely developed and presents direct analogies with methods and results for problems without impulses. Important texts in this area are [1]–[6].

A different situation arises, when impulse moments satisfy a predetermined relation between state and time variables, see e.g.[7]–[12]. This case, which is represented by state-dependent impulses, is studied here, where we are interested in a system of n (nN) nonlinear ordinary differential equations of the first order with state-dependent impulses and general linear boundary conditions on the interval [a,b]R. The main reason that boundary value problems with state-dependent impulses are developed significantly less than those with impulses at fixed moments is that new difficulties with an operator representation of the problem appear when examining state-dependent impulses (cf. Section 4). Therefore almost all existence results for boundary value problems with state-dependent impulses have been reached for periodic problems which can be transformed to fixed point problems of corresponding Poincaré maps in R n . Hence, the difficulties with the construction of a functional space and an operator have been cleared in the periodic case. See e.g.[13]–[16]. Other types of boundary value problems with state-dependent impulses have been studied very rarely, see [17], [18].

In this paper we construct and investigate a fixed point problem in some subset Ω ¯ of the product space ( W 1 , ( [ a , b ] ; R n ) ) p + 1 and we provide conditions for its solvability (cf. Section 4 and Theorem 14). The existence of such fixed point allows us to construct a solution of the system of differential equations

z (t)=f ( t , z ( t ) ) ,a.e. t[a,b]R,
(1)

subject to the state-dependent impulse conditions

z( τ i +)z( τ i )= J i ( τ i , z ( τ i ) ) ,where  τ i = γ i ( z ( τ i ) ) ,i=1,,p,
(2)

and the general linear boundary condition

(z)= c 0 .
(3)

For nonzero impulse functions J i , i=1,,p, this solution is discontinuous on [a,b] and, since discontinuity points τ i , i=1,,p, are not fixed and depend on the solution through (2), such a solution has to be searched in the space G L ([a,b]; R n ); see the notation below. Note that conditions which guarantee the solvability of problem (1)-(3) have not been known before. Some results for special cases of problem (1)-(3) can be found in our previous papers [19]–[24].

In what follows we use this notation. Let k,m,nN. By R n × m we denote the set of all matrices of the type n×m with real valued coefficients equipped with the matrix norm

|A|= max k { 1 , , n } j = 1 m | a k j |for A= ( a k j ) k , j = 1 n , m R n × m .

Let A T denote the transpose of A R n × m . Let R n = R n × 1 be the set of all n-dimensional column vectors c= ( c 1 , , c n ) T , where c k R, k=1,,n, and R= R 1 × 1 . The (vector) norm of R n is a special case of the norm of R n × m , i.e. it has the form

|x|= max k { 1 , , n } | x k |for x= ( x 1 , , x n ) T R n .

It is well known that

|Ax||A||x|for each A R n × n ,x R n .

By C([a,b]× R n ; R n ), C([α,β]; R n × m ) (with <α<β<), C( R n ; R m ) we denote the set of all mappings x:[a,b]× R n R n , x:[α,β] R n × m , x: R n R m with continuous components, respectively. By L ([a,b]; R n × m ), L 1 ([a,b]; R n × m ), G L ([a,b]; R n × m ), C([a,b]; R n × m ), BV([a,b]; R n × m ), we denote the sets of all mappings F:[a,b] R n × m whose components are, respectively, essentially bounded functions, Lebesgue integrable functions, left-continuous regulated functions, continuous functions and functions with bounded variation on the interval [a,b]. Let us note that the norm in the linear space L ([a,b]; R n × m ) is taken as

F = max k { 1 , , n } j = 1 m ess sup t [ a , b ] | f k j (t)|for F= ( f k j ) k , j = 1 n , m L ( [ a , b ] ; R n × m ) ,

especially, in L ([a,b]; R n )

u = max k { 1 , , n } ess sup t [ a , b ] | u k (t)|for u= ( u 1 , , u n ) T L ( [ a , b ] ; R n ) .

We will make use of the Sobolev space W 1 , ([a,b]; R n ), which is the linear space of vector functions, whose components are absolutely continuous having essentially bounded first derivatives on [a,b], equipped with the norm

u 1 , = u + u for u W 1 , ( [ a , b ] ; R n ) .

By Car([a,b]× R n ; R n ) we denote the set of all mappings f:[a,b]× R n R n satisfying the Carathéodory conditions on the set [a,b]× R n . Finally, by χ M we denote the characteristic function of the set MR.

Note that a mapping u:[a,b] R n is left-continuous regulated on [a,b] if for each t(a,b] and each s[a,b)

u(t)=u(t)= lim τ t u(τ) R n ,u(s+)= lim τ s + u(τ) R n .

G L ([a,b]; R n ) is a linear space and equipped with the sup-norm it is a Banach space (see [25], Theorem 3.6). In particular, we set

u = max k { 1 , , n } ( sup t [ a , b ] | u k ( t ) | ) for u= ( u 1 , , u n ) T G L ( [ a , b ] ; R n ) .

A mapping f:[a,b]× R n R n satisfies the Carathéodory conditions on [a,b]× R n if

f(,x):[a,b] R n is measurable for all x R n ,

f(t,): R n R n is continuous for a.e. t[a,b],

for each compact set K R n there exists a function m K L 1 ([a,b];R) such that |f(t,x)| m K (t) for a.e. t[a,b] and each xK.

Throughout we assume that

n , p N , f Car ( [ a , b ] × R n ; R n ) , c 0 R n , J i C ( [ a , b ] × R n ; R n ) , γ i C ( R n ; R ) , i = 1 , , p , : G L ( [ a , b ] ; R n ) R n  is a linear bounded operator , i.e. ( z ) = K z ( a ) + a b V ( t ) d [ z ( t ) ] , z G L ( [ a , b ] ; R n ) , where  K R n × n , V BV ( [ a , b ] ; R n × n ) , k = 1 , , n . }
(4)

Now let us define a solution of problem (1)-(3).

Definition 1

A mapping z:[a,b] R n is a solution of problem (1)-(3) if for each i{1,,p} there exists a unique τ i (a,b) such that

τ i = γ i ( z ( τ i ) ) ,

a< τ 1 < τ 2 << τ p <b, the restrictions z | [ a , τ 1 ] ,z | ( τ 1 , τ 2 ] ,,z | ( τ p , b ] are absolutely continuous, z satisfies (1) for a.e. t[a,b] and fulfills conditions (2) and (3).

2 Problem with impulses at fixed times

In this section we summarize results from the paper [23], where we investigated boundary value problems having impulses at fixed times. This is the case that the barrier functions γ i in (2) are constant functions, i.e. there exist t 1 ,, t p R satisfying a< t 1 << t p <b such that

γ i (x)= t i for i=1,,p,x R n ,

and each solution of the problem crosses i th barrier at the same time instant τ i = t i for i=1,,p.

In [23], the following boundary value problem was investigated:

z (t)=A(t)z(t)+f ( t , z ( t ) ) ,a.e. t[a,b],
(5)
z( t i +)z( t i )= J i ( z ( t i ) ) ,i=1,,p,
(6)
(z)= c 0 ,
(7)

where

a < t 1 < < t p < b , A L 1 ( [ a , b ] ; R n × n ) , f Car ( [ a , b ] × R n ; R n ) , J i C ( R n ; R n ) , i = 1 , , p , : G L ( [ a , b ] ; R n ) R n  is a linear bounded operator , c 0 R n . }
(8)

In order to get an operator representation of this problem (cf. Theorem 4) the Green’s matrix is constructed.

Definition 2

([23], Definition 7)

A mapping G:[a,b]×[a,b] R n × n is the Green’s matrix of the problem

z (t)=A(t)z(t)for a.e. t[a,b],(z)=0,
(9)

if

  1. (a)

    G(,τ) is continuous on [a,τ] and on (τ,b] for each τ[a,b],

  2. (b)

    G(t,)BV([a,b]; R n × n ) for each t[a,b],

  3. (c)

    for any q L 1 ([a,b]; R n ) the mapping

    x(t)= a b G(t,τ)q(τ)dτ,t[a,b]

is a unique solution of the problem

z (t)=A(t)z(t)+q(t)for a.e. t[a,b],(z)=0.
(10)

Lemma 3

([23], Lemma 8)

Assume (8). Problem (10) has a unique solution if and only if

det(Y)0,
(11)

where Y is a fundamental matrix of the system of differential equations in (9). If (11) is valid, then there exists a Green’s matrix of problem (9), which is in the form

G(t,τ)=Y(t)H(τ)+ χ ( τ , b ] (t)Y(t) Y 1 (τ),t,τ[a,b],
(12)

where H is defined by

H(τ)= [ ( Y ) ] 1 ( τ b V ( s ) A ( s ) Y ( s ) d s Y 1 ( τ ) + V ( τ ) ) ,τ[a,b],
(13)

and it has the following properties:

  1. (i)

    G is bounded on [a,b]×[a,b],

  2. (ii)

    G(,τ) is absolutely continuous on [a,τ] and (τ,b] for each τ[a,b] and its columns satisfy the differential equation from (9) a.e. on [a,b],

  3. (iii)

    G(τ+,τ)G(τ,τ)=E for each τ[a,b),

  4. (iv)

    G(,τ) G L ([a,b]; R n × n ) for each τ[a,b] and

    ( G ( , τ ) ) =0for each τ[a,b).

Theorem 4

([23], Theorem 11)

Let (8) and (11) be satisfied and let G be given by (12) with H of (13). Thenz G L ([a,b]; R n )is a fixed point of an operatorF: G L ([a,b]; R n ) G L ([a,b]; R n )defined by

(Fz)(t)= a b G(t,s)f ( s , z ( s ) ) ds+ i = 1 p G(t, t i ) J i ( z ( t i ) ) +Y(t) [ ( Y ) ] 1 c 0

fort[a,b], if and only if z is a solution of problem (5)-(7). Moreover, the operator is completely continuous.

Similar results can be found also in [26], Chapter 6].

Remark 5

As in [23], we denote

G 1 (t,τ)=Y(t)H(τ), G 2 (t,τ)=Y(t) ( H ( τ ) + Y 1 ( τ ) ) ,

i.e.

G(t,τ)= G 1 (t,τ) χ [ a , τ ] (t)+ G 2 (t,τ) χ ( τ , b ] (t)={ G 1 ( t , τ ) , a t τ b , G 2 ( t , τ ) , a τ < t b .

Remark 6

In the present paper we need the Green’s matrix of problem (9) for A0. Therefore Y(t)=E and (Y)=K. The existence of the Green’s matrix is then equivalent with the regularity of K, i.e. with the assumption detK0. If this is satisfied, then H from (13) is given by the formula

H(τ)= K 1 V(τ),τ[a,b],

and the Green’s matrix takes the form

G(t,τ)={ K 1 V ( τ ) , a t τ b , K 1 V ( τ ) + E , a τ < t b .

In this case the matrix functions G 1 , G 2 from Remark 5 are written as

G 1 (t,τ)= K 1 V(τ), G 2 (t,τ)= K 1 V(τ)+E,t,τ[a,b].

3 Transversality conditions

Here we formulate conditions which guarantee that each possible solution of problem (1)-(3) in some region, which will be specified later (cf. (21)), crosses each barrier γ i at the unique impulse point τ i , i=1,,p. Consider positive real numbers μ j , j=1,,n, and denote

A= { ( x 1 , , x n ) T R n : | x j | μ j , j = 1 , , n } .
(14)

We assume that

there exist disjoint subintervals  [ a i , b i ]  of the interval  ( a , b )  such that a 1 < < a p , a i γ i ( x ) b i  for  i = 1 , , p , x A , }
(15)
for each  i = 1 , , p , j = 1 , , n ,  there exists  λ i j [ 0 , )  such that for each  x = ( x 1 , , x n ) T , y = ( y 1 , , y n ) T A , | γ i ( x ) γ i ( y ) | j = 1 n λ i j | x j y j | . }
(16)

Further we choose positive real numbers ρ j , j=1,,n, and assume that

j = 1 n λ i j ρ j <1for i=1,,p.
(17)

Under conditions (14)-(17), which we call transversality conditions, we define the set

B= { v = ( v 1 , , v n ) T W 1 , ( [ a , b ] ; R n ) : v j < μ j , v j < ρ j , j = 1 , , n } .
(18)

In Section 4 we define an operator G (cf. (26)) whose fixed point ( u 1 ,, u p + 1 ) is used for the construction of a solution z of problem (1)-(3) (cf. (28)). In order to get a correct definition of G we need to describe intersection point t of a function v B ¯ with the barriers γ i , i=1,,p. These intersection points are roots of the functions γ i (v(t))t, and their uniqueness is stated in Lemma 7.

Lemma 7

Let μ j R, Abe given by (14), and let λ i j , ρ j and γ i , j=1,,n, i=1,,p, satisfy (15), (16) and (17). Finally, let be given by (18). Then for eachv B ¯ the functions

σ i (t)= γ i ( v ( t ) ) t,t[a,b],i=1,,p,

are continuous and decreasing on[a,b]and they have unique roots in the interval(a,b), i.e. fori{1,,p}there exists a unique solution of the equation

t= γ i ( v ( t ) ) .
(19)

Proof

Let v B ¯ , i{1,,p}. By (15),

σ i ( a ) = γ i ( v ( a ) ) a > 0 , σ i ( b ) = γ i ( v ( b ) ) b < 0

are valid. This together with the fact that σ is continuous on [a,b] shows that σ has at least one root in (a,b). Now, we will prove that σ is decreasing, by a contradiction. Let s 1 , s 2 (a,b), s 1 < s 2 be such that

σ i ( s 1 )= σ i ( s 2 ),

i.e.

γ i ( v ( s 1 ) ) γ i ( v ( s 2 ) ) = s 1 s 2 .

From (16) and (18) we obtain

0 < | s 1 s 2 | = | γ i ( v ( s 1 ) ) γ i ( v ( s 2 ) ) | j = 1 n λ i j | v j ( s 1 ) v j ( s 2 ) | j = 1 n λ i j | s 1 s 2 v j ( ξ ) d ξ | j = 1 n λ i j v j | s 1 s 2 | j = 1 n λ i j ρ j | s 1 s 2 | .

This contradicts (17). Therefore (19) has a unique solution. □

According to Lemma 7, for i{1,,p} and v B ¯ , there exists a unique point ( τ i ,v( τ i ))[a,b]×[ μ i , μ i ] which is an intersection point of the graph of v with the graph of the barrier γ i . Therefore we define a functional P i : B ¯ (a,b) by

P i v= τ i ,v B ¯ ,i=1,,p,
(20)

where τ i is a solution of (19), i.e. a unique root of the function σ i from Lemma 7, for i=1,,p.

Since solutions are affected by impulses at the points τ i , the functionals P i , i=1,,p, are used in the definition of the operator G (cf. (26)), it is important to prove their properties which are presented in Lemma 8 and Corollary 9 and which are necessary for the compactness of G (cf. Lemma 13).

Lemma 8

Let the assumptions of Lemma  7be satisfied. Then for eachi{1,,p}there exists a constantC0such that for everyv, v ˜ B ¯

| P i v P i v ˜ |C v v ˜ .

Proof

Let i{1,,p}, v, v ˜ B ¯ . Let us denote

τ= P i v, τ ˜ = P i v ˜ .

Then from (16) and (18) we get

| τ τ ˜ | = | γ i ( v ( τ ) ) γ i ( v ˜ ( τ ˜ ) ) | j = 1 n λ i j | v j ( τ ) v ˜ j ( τ ˜ ) | j = 1 n λ i j | v j ( τ ) v ˜ j ( τ ) | + j = 1 n λ i j | v ˜ j ( τ ) v ˜ j ( τ ˜ ) | j = 1 n λ i j v v ˜ + j = 1 n λ i j | τ ˜ τ v ˜ j ( s ) d s | j = 1 n λ i j v v ˜ + j = 1 n λ i j ρ j | τ τ ˜ | .

Subtracting the second term from the right-hand side of the inequality we obtain

|τ τ ˜ | j = 1 n λ i j ρ j |τ τ ˜ | j = 1 n λ i j v v ˜

and using (17) we arrive at

|τ τ ˜ | j = 1 n λ i j 1 j = 1 n λ i j ρ j v v ˜ ,

which is the desired inequality. □

Corollary 9

Let the assumptions of Lemma  7be satisfied. Then the functionals P i , i=1,,p, which are given by (20), are continuous on B ¯ in the norm of W 1 , ([a,b]; R n ).

4 Fixed point problem

The main result of this section is contained in Theorem 11, where we present a connection between a (discontinuous) solution z of problem (1)-(3) and a fixed point of some operator G which operates on ordered (p+1)-tuples ( u 1 ,, u p + 1 ) of absolutely continuous vector functions. We work with the product space

X= ( W 1 , ( [ a , b ] ; R n ) ) p + 1 ,

where for uX we write u=( u 1 ,, u p + 1 ) and u k = ( u k , 1 , , u k , n ) T , k=1,,p+1. The sequence of elements of X is denoted as { u m } m = 1 ; and the sequence of its k th components as { u k m } m = 1 . The space X is equipped with the norm

( u 1 , , u p + 1 ) X = k = 1 p + 1 u k 1 , for ( u 1 ,, u p + 1 )X.

It is well known that X is a Banach space. For the construction of a fixed point problem we need the set

Ω= B p + 1 X,
(21)

where is defined in (18) with constants μ j , ρ j , j=1,,n, satisfying the assumptions of Lemma 7.

Now, assume that the matrix K from (4) fulfills

detK0,
(22)

and consider an operator F : Ω ¯ ( C ( [ a , b ] ; R n ) ) p + 1 defined by

( F u ) k ( t ) = a b G ( t , s ) i = 1 p + 1 χ ( τ i 1 , τ i ) ( s ) f ( s , u i ( s ) ) d s + i = k p G 1 ( t , τ i ) J i ( τ i , u i ( τ i ) ) + i = 1 k 1 G 2 ( t , τ i ) J i ( τ i , u i ( τ i ) ) + Y ( t ) [ ( Y ) ] 1 c 0
(23)

for k=1,,p+1, t[a,b], where

τ i = P i u i for i=1,,p, τ 0 =a, τ p + 1 =b,
(24)

and P i : B ¯ (a,b), i=1,,p, are continuous functionals from Corollary 9. Here G 1 , G 2 , Y, (Y) take values from Remark 6. Then ( F u ) k C([a,b]; R n ), for k=1,,p+1. Assume in addition that f is essentially bounded, that is,

there exists  f ¯ R such that |f(t,x)| f ¯ for a.e. t[a,b],all x R n .
(25)

Then the operator F maps Ω ¯ to X. Unfortunately, F is not compact on Ω ¯ . We can overcome this obstacle by redefining the operator F by means of an operator G: Ω ¯ X given by

( G u ) k (t)={ ( F u ) k ( τ k 1 ) + τ k 1 t f ( s , u k ( s ) ) d s for  t < τ k 1 , ( F u ) k ( t ) for  τ k 1 t τ k , ( F u ) k ( τ k ) + τ k t f ( s , u k ( s ) ) d s for  t > τ k ,
(26)

where t[a,b], k=1,,p+1, and τ k are defined by (24). As we will show this will be enough for our needs (cf. Theorem 11).

Remark 10

The important property of the operator G is that for u=( u 1 ,, u p + 1 ) Ω ¯ we have

( G u ) k (t)=f ( t , u k ( t ) ) for a.e. t[a,b],k=1,,p+1.

Let us note that for k{1,,p+1} the operator F satisfies this identity only on the interval ( τ k 1 , τ k ), because

( F u ) k (t)= i = 1 p + 1 χ ( τ i 1 , τ i ) (t)f ( t , u i ( t ) ) for a.e. t[a,b].

This fact obstructs the compactness of the operator F in X.

Consider A from (14), and assume

γ i ( x + J i ( t , x ) ) γ i (x)for all (t,x)[a,b]×A,i=1,,p.
(27)

Then we are ready to prove the following theorem.

Theorem 11

Let the assumptions of Lemma  7and conditions (22), (25) and (27) hold. Ifu=( u 1 ,, u p + 1 )is a fixed point of the operatorG, then a function z defined by

z(t)={ u 1 ( t ) , t [ a , P 1 u 1 ] , u 2 ( t ) , t ( P 1 u 1 , P 2 u 2 ] , , u p + 1 ( t ) , t ( P p u p , b ]
(28)

is a solution of problem (1)-(3). Here P i : B ¯ (a,b), i=1,,p, are continuous functionals from Corollary  9.

Proof

Let be defined by (18) and Ω= B p + 1 . Further, let u=( u 1 ,, u p + 1 ) Ω ¯ be a fixed point of the operator G. Then for each i{1,,p} we have u i B ¯ and hence, by Lemma 7, there exists a unique solution τ i = P i u i of the equation t= γ i ( u i (t)). Due to (15) the inequalities

a= τ 0 < τ 1 < τ 2 << τ p < τ p + 1 =b

are valid. Let us consider z defined by (28). We will prove that z is a fixed point of the operator from Theorem 4, taking

t i = τ i and J i ( τ i , z ( τ i ) )  in place of  J i ( z ( t i ) ) ,i=1,,p.
(29)

Let us denote

I 1 =[a, τ 1 ], I 2 =( τ 1 , τ 2 ], I 3 =( τ 2 , τ 3 ],, I p + 1 =( τ p ,b].

Let us choose k{1,,p+1} and consider t I k . Then

z ( t ) = u k ( t ) = i = 1 p + 1 τ i 1 τ i G ( t , s ) f ( s , u i ( s ) ) d s + i = k p G 1 ( t , τ i ) J i ( τ i , u i ( τ i ) ) + i = 1 k 1 G 2 ( t , τ i ) J i ( τ i , u i ( τ i ) ) + Y ( t ) [ ( Y ) ] 1 c 0 = i = 1 p + 1 τ i 1 τ i G ( t , s ) f ( s , z ( s ) ) d s + i = k p G 1 ( t , τ i ) J i ( τ i , z ( τ i ) ) + i = 1 k 1 G 2 ( t , τ i ) J i ( τ i , z ( τ i ) ) + Y ( t ) [ ( Y ) ] 1 c 0 .

Of course,

i = 1 p + 1 τ i 1 τ i G(t,s)f ( s , z ( s ) ) ds= a b G(t,s)f ( s , z ( s ) ) ds.

Let iN be such that kip. Then t τ k τ i and therefore Remark 5 yields

G 1 (t, τ i )=G(t, τ i ).

Let iN be such that 1i<k (such i exists only if k>1). Then t> τ k 1 τ i and Remark 5 gives

G 2 (t, τ i )=G(t, τ i ).

These facts imply that

i = k p G 1 (t, τ i ) J i ( τ i , z ( τ i ) ) + i = 1 k 1 G 2 (t, τ i ) J i ( τ i , z ( τ i ) ) = i = 1 p G(t, τ i ) J i ( τ i , z ( τ i ) ) .

Consequently, by virtue of Theorem 4, z is a solution of problem (5)-(7) with A0 and (29). The function z satisfies (1) a.e. on [a,b] and fulfills the boundary condition (3). In addition, since z fulfills the impulse conditions (6) with t i = τ i , and J i ( τ i ,z( τ i )) in place of J i (z( t i )), where τ i = γ i ( u i ( τ i ))= γ i (z( τ i )), i=1,,p, we see that z fulfills (2). It remains to prove that τ 1 ,, τ p are the only instants at which the function z crosses the barriers t= γ 1 (x),,t= γ p (x), respectively. To this aim, due to (15) and (28) it suffices to prove that

t γ i ( u i + 1 ( t ) ) for all t( τ i ,b],i=1,,p.

Choose an arbitrary i{1,,p} and consider σ i from Lemma 7 for v= u i + 1 , i.e.

σ i (t)= γ i ( u i + 1 ( t ) ) t,t[a,b].

Since z fulfills (2) we have

u i + 1 ( τ i +)=z( τ i +)=z( τ i )+ J i ( τ i , z ( τ i ) )

and according to (27) we get

σ i ( τ i + ) = γ i ( u i + 1 ( τ i + ) ) τ i = γ i ( z ( τ i ) + J i ( τ i , z ( τ i ) ) ) τ i γ i ( z ( τ i ) ) τ i = σ i ( τ i ) = 0 .

Since σ i is decreasing on [a,b] we have

σ i (t)< σ i ( τ i +)0for all t( τ i ,b].

 □

5 Existence results

Properties of the operator G which is defined by (23), (24), and (26), in particular its compactness and the existence of its fixed point, will be proved in this section. Then the existence of a solution of problem (1)-(3) will follow (cf. Theorem 15). Besides the conditions from Section 4 we assume in addition that

there exists  J ¯ i ,i=1,,p,such that | J i (t,x)| J ¯ i for all (t,x)[a,b]× R n ,
(30)
ε>0δ>0x,yA:|xy|<δ f ( , x ) f ( , y ) <ε,
(31)
VC ( [ a i , b i ] ; R n × n ) ,i=1,,p.
(32)

Here A is from (14) and [ a i , b i ], i=1,,p, are from (15).

Lemma 12

Let the assumptions of Lemma  7and conditions (22), (25), (27), (30), (31), and (32) be fulfilled. LetGbe defined by (23), (24), and (26). Then for eachε>0there existsδ>0such that eachu, u ˜ Ω ¯ satisfy

i = 1 p + 1 u ˜ i u i <δ ( G u ˜ ) k ( G u ) k 1 , <ε,k=1,,p+1.
(33)

Proof

Consider u ˜ =( u ˜ 1 ,, u ˜ p + 1 ),u=( u 1 ,, u p + 1 ) Ω ¯ and denote

y ˜ = ( y ˜ 1 , , y ˜ p + 1 ) = ( ( G u ˜ ) 1 , , ( G u ˜ ) p + 1 ) , y = ( y 1 , , y p + 1 ) = ( ( G u ) 1 , , ( G u ) p + 1 ) , x ˜ = ( x ˜ 1 , , x ˜ p + 1 ) = ( ( F u ˜ ) 1 , , ( F u ˜ ) p + 1 ) , x = ( x 1 , , x p + 1 ) = ( ( F u ) 1 , , ( F u ) p + 1 ) ,

where F is defined in (23). Let us choose a fixed k{1,,p+1}.

Step 1. According to Remark 10 we have

y ˜ k ( t ) = ( G u ˜ ) k ( t ) = f ( t , u ˜ k ( t ) ) , y k ( t ) = ( G u ) k ( t ) = f ( t , u k ( t ) ) for a.e.  t [ a , b ] .
(34)

By (31) and (34) we have

ε ˜ >0 δ ˜ >0 u ˜ ,u Ω ¯ : u ˜ k u k < δ ˜ y ˜ k y k < ε ˜ .
(35)

Denote (cf. (24))

τ ˜ i = P i u ˜ i , τ i = P i u i ,i=1,,p, τ ˜ 0 = τ 0 =a, τ ˜ p + 1 = τ p + 1 =b.

By Lemma 8, we have

ε ˜ >0 δ ˜ >0 u ˜ ,u Ω ¯ : u ˜ i u i < δ ˜ | τ ˜ i τ i |< ε ˜ ,i=1,,p.
(36)

Choose an arbitrary ε>0. By (35), there exists δ 1 >0 such that for each u ˜ ,u Ω ¯

u ˜ k u k < δ 1 y ˜ k y k < ε 7 .
(37)

For t[a,b] we have

y ˜ k (t)= y ˜ k ( τ ˜ k )+ τ ˜ k t y ˜ k (s)ds, y k (t)= y k ( τ k )+ τ k t y k (s)ds,

and therefore, by (26),

| y ˜ k ( t ) y k ( t ) | | y ˜ k ( τ ˜ k ) y k ( τ k ) | + | τ ˜ k t y ˜ k ( s ) d s τ k t y k ( s ) d s | | x ˜ k ( τ ˜ k ) x k ( τ k ) | + | τ k t | y ˜ k ( s ) y k ( s ) | d s | + | τ ˜ k τ k | y ˜ k ( s ) | d s | .

Then, using (25) and (34), we get

y ˜ k y k | x ˜ k ( τ ˜ k ) x k ( τ k )|+(ba) y ˜ k y k +| τ ˜ k τ k | f ¯ .

Due to (35) and (36) there exists δ 2 (0, δ 1 ) such that for each u ˜ ,u Ω ¯

u ˜ k u k < δ 2 (ba) y ˜ k y k +| τ ˜ k τ k | f ¯ < ε 7 .
(38)

It remains to discuss the expression | x ˜ k ( τ ˜ k ) x k ( τ k )|. We have

x ˜ k ( τ ˜ k ) x k ( τ k ) = i = 1 p + 1 ( τ ˜ i 1 τ ˜ i G ( τ ˜ k , s ) f ( s , u ˜ i ( s ) ) d s τ i 1 τ i G ( τ k , s ) f ( s , u i ( s ) ) d s ) + i = k p ( G 1 ( τ ˜ k , τ ˜ i ) J i ( τ ˜ i , u ˜ i ( τ ˜ i ) ) G 1 ( τ k , τ i ) J i ( τ i , u i ( τ i ) ) ) + i = 1 k 1 ( G 2 ( τ ˜ k , τ ˜ i ) J i ( τ ˜ i , u ˜ i ( τ ˜ i ) ) G 2 ( τ k , τ i ) J i ( τ i , u i ( τ i ) ) ) .
(39)

Step 2. Treating the first term on the right-hand side of equality (39) we have

i = 1 p + 1 ( τ ˜ i 1 τ ˜ i G ( τ ˜ k , s ) f ( s , u ˜ i ( s ) ) d s τ i 1 τ i G ( τ k , s ) f ( s , u i ( s ) ) d s ) = i = 1 p + 1 ( τ i 1 τ i [ G ( τ ˜ k , s ) f ( s , u ˜ i ( s ) ) G ( τ k , s ) f ( s , u i ( s ) ) ] d s + τ ˜ i 1 τ i 1 G ( τ ˜ k , s ) f ( s , u ˜ i ( s ) ) d s + τ i τ ˜ i G ( τ ˜ k , s ) f ( s , u ˜ i ( s ) ) d s ) = i = 1 p + 1 ( τ i 1 τ i G ( τ ˜ k , s ) ( f ( s , u ˜ i ( s ) ) f ( s , u i ( s ) ) ) d s + τ i 1 τ i ( G ( τ ˜ k , s ) G ( τ k , s ) ) f ( s , u i ( s ) ) d s ) + i = 1 p + 1 ( τ ˜ i 1 τ i 1 G ( τ ˜ k , s ) f ( s , u ˜ i ( s ) ) d s + τ i τ ˜ i G ( τ ˜ k , s ) f ( s , u ˜ i ( s ) ) d s ) .

The function G is bounded on [a,b]×[a,b]; it follows from (31) that there exists δ 3 (0, δ 2 ) such that for each u ˜ ,u Ω ¯

i + 1 p + 1 u ˜ i u i < δ 3 i = 1 p + 1 τ i 1 τ i |G( τ ˜ k ,s) ( f ( s , u ˜ i ( s ) ) f ( s , u i ( s ) ) ) |ds< ε 7 .
(40)

In view of Remark 6

a b |G( τ ˜ k ,s)G( τ k ,s)|ds= a b | χ [ a , τ ˜ k ) (s) χ [ a , τ k ) (s)|ds=| τ ˜ k τ k |,

and therefore, by (25) and (36), there exists δ 4 (0, δ 3 ) such that for each u ˜ ,u Ω ¯

i = 1 p + 1 u ˜ i u i < δ 4 i = 1 p + 1 τ i 1 τ i |G( τ ˜ k ,s)G( τ k ,s)||f ( s , u i ( s ) ) |ds< ε 7 .
(41)

Similarly, since G is bounded on [a,b]×[a,b] and f fulfills (25), we can find α>0 satisfying

i = 1 p + 1 | τ ˜ i 1 τ i 1 G ( τ ˜ i , s ) f ( s , u ˜ i ( s ) ) d s + τ i τ ˜ i G ( τ ˜ k , s ) f ( s , u ˜ i ( s ) ) d s | < α i = 1 p + 1 ( | τ ˜ i 1 τ i 1 | + | τ ˜ i τ i | ) .

Consequently, by (36), there exists δ 5 (0, δ 4 ) such that for each u ˜ ,u Ω ¯

i = 1 p + 1 u ˜ i u i < δ 5 i = 1 p + 1 | τ ˜ i 1 τ i 1 G ( τ ˜ i , s ) f ( s , u ˜ i ( s ) ) d s + τ i τ ˜ i G ( τ ˜ k , s ) f ( s , u ˜ i ( s ) ) d s | < ε 7 .
(42)

Step 3. Finally we discuss the second and third term on the right-hand side of equality (39). According to Remark 6, we have

G 1 ( τ ˜ k , τ ˜ i ) G 1 ( τ k , τ i ) = K 1 V ( τ ˜ i ) + K 1 V ( τ i ) = K 1 ( V ( τ ˜ i ) V ( τ i ) ) , G 2 ( τ ˜ k , τ ˜ i ) G 2 ( τ k , τ i ) = K 1 V ( τ ˜ i ) + E ( K 1 V ( τ i ) + E ) = K 1 ( V ( τ ˜ i ) V ( τ i ) ) .

Therefore, due to the uniform continuity of J i , i=1,,p, on [a,b]×A (cf. (4) and (14)), the uniform continuity of V on [ a i , b i ], i=1,,p (cf. (32) and (15)) and by (36), there exists δ(0, δ 5 ) such that for each u ˜ ,u Ω ¯

i = 1 p + 1 u ˜ i u i <δ i = k p | G 1 ( τ ˜ k , τ ˜ i ) J i ( τ ˜ i , u ˜ i ( τ ˜ i ) ) G 1 ( τ k , τ i ) J i ( τ i , u i ( τ i ) ) |< ε 7 ,
(43)
i = 1 p + 1 u ˜ i u i <δ i = 1 k 1 | G 2 ( τ ˜ k , τ ˜ i ) J i ( τ ˜ i , u ˜ i ( τ ˜ i ) ) G 2 ( τ k , τ i ) J i ( τ i , u i ( τ i ) ) |< ε 7 .
(44)

Relations (37), (38), (40), (41), (42), (43), and (44) imply (33). □

Lemma 13

Let the assumptions of Lemma  12be fulfilled. Then the operatorGdefined by (23), (24), and (26) is compact on Ω ¯ .

Proof

First, we prove the continuity of G. Choose ε>0. Then there exists δ>0 such that each u, u ˜ Ω ¯ satisfy (33). Since u ˜ i u i u ˜ i u i 1 , , i=1,,p+1, each u, u ˜ Ω ¯ satisfy

i = 1 p + 1 u ˜ i u i 1 , <δ ( G u ˜ ) k ( G u ) k 1 , <ε,k=1,,p+1.

Now, we prove the relative compactness of the set G( Ω ¯ ). Let { y m } m = 1 be a sequence of elements from the set G( Ω ¯ ). Then there exists a sequence { u m } m = 1 Ω ¯ such that y m =G( u m ) for every mN. Since u i m B ¯ , we have (cf. (18))

u i m μ i , ( u i m ) ρ i

for each i=1,,p+1, mN. This implies

| u i m ( t 1 ) u i m ( t 2 )|=| t 1 t 2 ( u i m ) (s)ds| ρ i | t 1 t 2 |.

The Arzelà-Ascoli theorem and the diagonalization principle give the existence of a subsequence which is convergent in the -norm. Let us denote it as { u ν } ν = 1 . Then, by Lemma 12, for each ε>0 there exist δ>0 and ν 0 N such that for each νN, ν ν 0 the inequality i = 1 p + 1 u i ν u i ν 0 <δ holds, and consequently, by (33),

ν ν 0 ( G u ν ) k ( G u ν 0 ) k 1 , <ε,k=1,,p+1.

Therefore there exists a subsequence { y ν } ν = 1 { y m } m = 1 which is convergent in X. □

Theorem 14

Assume that (25) and (30) hold and that numbers μ j , ρ j , j=1,,n, satisfy

μ j | K 1 | sup s [ a , b ] | V ( s ) | f ¯ ( b a ) + 2 f ¯ ( b a ) μ j + | K 1 | sup s [ a , b ] | V ( s ) | k = 1 p J ¯ k + k = 1 p J ¯ k + | K 1 c 0 | , ρ j f ¯ , j = 1 , , n . }
(45)

Define setsA, and Ω by (14), (18), and (21), respectively, and assume that conditions (15), (16), (17), (27), (31), and (32) hold. Then the operatorGhas a fixed point in Ω ¯ .

Proof

It suffices to show that G( Ω ¯ ) Ω ¯ . Let u Ω ¯ and x= F u, y=G(u) (cf. (23) and (26)). That is x=( x 1 ,, x p + 1 ) and y=( y 1 ,, y p + 1 ), where y i = ( y i , 1 , , y i , n ) T for i=1,,p+1. Choose j{1,,n}, i{1,,p+1}. Having in mind (24), we get by (23), (26), (45), and Remark 6

| y i , j ( t ) | | y i ( t ) | | y i , j ( t ) | | K 1 | sup s [ a , b ] | V ( s ) | f ¯ ( b a ) + f ¯ ( b a ) | y i , j ( t ) | + | K 1 | sup s [ a , b ] | V ( s ) | k = 1 p J ¯ k + k = 1 p J ¯ k + | K 1 c 0 | | y i , j ( t ) | μ j f ¯ ( b a ) for  t [ τ i 1 , τ i ] , | y i , j ( t ) | | y i ( t ) | | x i ( τ i 1 ) | + | τ i 1 t f ( s , u i ( s ) ) d s | | y i , j ( t ) | | y i ( τ i 1 ) | + f ¯ ( b a ) μ j for  t < τ i 1 , | y i , j ( t ) | | y i ( t ) | | x i ( τ i ) | + | τ i t f ( s , u i ( s ) ) d s | | y i , j ( t ) | | y i ( τ i ) | + f ¯ ( b a ) μ j for  t > τ i .

Therefore

y i , j μ j ,j=1,,n,i=1,,p+1.

From (25) and Remark 10 we have

| y i , j (t)|| y i (t)|=|f ( t , u i ( t ) ) | f ¯ for a.e. t[a,b],

which yields, due to (45),

y i , j ρ j ,j=1,,n,i=1,,p+1.

Consequently, by virtue of (18), y i B ¯ for i=1,,p+1, that is, y Ω ¯ . □

Theorems 11 and 14 give an existence result for problem (1)-(3).

Theorem 15

Under the assumptions of Theorem  14problem (1)-(3) has at least one solution z such that

z max{ μ 1 ,, μ n }.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the grant No. 14-06958S of the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic.

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Rachůnková, I., Tomeček, J. Fixed point problem associated with state-dependent impulsive boundary value problems. Bound Value Probl 2014, 172 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-014-0172-9

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