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Inverse problem for non-stationary system of magnetohydrodynamics
Boundary Value Problems volume 2015, Article number: 173 (2015)
Abstract
We study the inverse problem for non-stationary system of magnetic hydrodynamics in which it is required to determine the velocity of the fluid \(\vec{v}(x,t)\), the magnetic tension \(\vec{H}(x,t)\), the pressure gradient \(\nabla p(x,t)\), but also the external forces \(\vec{f}(x)\) and the current \(\operatorname{rot}\vec{j}(x)\). In this case, to the conditions constituting the direct problem are added additional conditions. The trace speed, the magnetic tension, and the pressure gradient in the final moment, time \(t=T\), are taken as additional information. The strong generalized solvability of the inverse problem in the two-dimensional case is proved.
1 Introduction
The mathematical description of the processes occurring in moving fluids leads to the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. References [1–8] are devoted to the study of the questions of solvability and stability of solutions of initial-boundary value problems for the linearized and general nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations.
Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is a theory of macroscopic interaction of electrically conductive fluid and electromagnetic fields. It has important applications in astronomy and geophysics, as well as in engineering fields such as controlled thermonuclear fusion, nuclear reactor cooling liquid metals, electromagnetic casting of metals, MHD generators, and MHD ion engines.
In the 1960s and 1970s the efforts of mathematicians were directed to the study of a class of problems of magnetohydrodynamics. Fundamental work in this direction was done by Ladyzhenskaya and Solonnikov [9, 10].
In this paper we study the three initial-boundary value problems for non-stationary magnetohydrodynamic equations. Results on the solvability of these problems are similar to the corresponding results on the solvability of the initial-boundary value problems for non-stationary Navier-Stokes equations. Similar results were obtained by Mosconi and Solonnikov in [11] for stationary MHD equations. A variety of approaches to the mathematical study of MHD systems are reflected in the work of Ladyzhenskaya and Solonnikov [12], Sahaev and Solonnikov [13], Stupyalis [14, 15], Alekseev and Tereshko [16], Duvant and Lions [17], Sermange and Temam [18], Giga and Yoshida [19], and Dyer and Edmuns [20].
2 Statement of the problem
We consider the inverse problem of magnetic hydrodynamic in the cylinder \(Q_{T}=\Omega\times [0,T ]\), \(\Omega\subset R^{2}\). One can take the border of the area Ω from \(C^{2}\), namely \(\partial\Omega\subset C^{2}\), \(\Gamma=\partial\Omega\times[0,T]\). We need to determine \(\vec {v}(x,t)\), \(\vec{H}(x,t)\), \(\nabla p(x,t)\), \(\vec{f}(x)\), and \(\operatorname{rot}\vec {j}(x)\) that satisfy the following equations:
We have the initial conditions
the boundary conditions
and the overdetermination conditions
Here \(\vec{v}(x,t)\) is the velocity of the fluid, \(\vec{H}(x,t)\) the magnetic tension, p the pressure, \(g(x,t)\vec{f}(x)\) the external hydrodynamic forces, \(\xi(x,t)\operatorname{rot}\vec{j}(x)\) the current, μ the magnetic permeability, σ the conductivity, ρ the condensation, ν the kinematic viscosity coefficient of the fluid, n⃗ the outward pointing normal vector to the surface area S, and \(H_{n}=\vec{H}\cdot\vec{n}\).
The first results of the well-posedness of the inverse problem with homogeneous boundary conditions for the Navier-Stokes equations appeared in the works of Prilepko and Vasin [21] and Abylkairov [22]. Reference [23] studied the solvability of the inverse spatial problem with unknown right part where we obtain a local existence theorem for the solutions. Different inverse problems for the Navier-Stokes equations and hydrodynamics were presented in [24–35]. In the work of Abylkairov [30] the inverse problem for the Navier-Stokes equations was studied with non-standard boundary conditions. The controllability of the systems of magnetic hydrodynamics has been studied in many papers (see, for example, [16, 31–35]).
We denote by \(\overset{0}{J}_{1} (\Omega)\) the subspace \(\overset{0}{W}{}_{2}^{1} (\Omega)\), consisting of solenoidal vectors and by \(\hat{J}(\Omega)\) the subspace \(W_{2}^{2} (\Omega)\), consisting of solenoidal vectors, satisfying the following \(\Gamma=\partial\Omega \times[0,T]\) conditions: \(u_{n} |_{\Gamma} =0\), \(y \operatorname{rot}\vec{u}|_{\Gamma}=0\). Let \(V_{2}(Q_{T})\) be the Banach space of functions with the norm \(\Vert \vec{u}\Vert _{V_{2}(Q_{T})}= \operatorname{vrai}\max_{0\le t\le T} \Vert \vec {u}(x,t)\Vert _{2,\Omega}+\Vert \vec{u}_{x} \Vert _{2,Q_{T}}\) that is obtained as a result of the closure of set of smooth, solenoidal, and zero vectors near \(\Gamma=\partial\Omega\times [0,T]\). \(\overset{0}{J}_{l,n}(\Omega)\) is a subset of \(W_{2}^{l}(\Omega)\) (l is an integer number), for which the closure in the norm of \(W_{2}^{l} (\Omega)\) of the set of continuously differentiable solenoidal vector-functions with \(u_{n}|_{\Gamma}=0\). \(G(\Omega)\) consists of gradφ, where φ is a single-valued function in Ω, a locally square integrable and differentiable function in \(L_{2}(\Omega)\).
Lemma 1
([4])
The following inequalities hold:
for all \(u(x) \in \overset{0}{W}{}_{2}^{1} (\Omega)\), \(\Omega\subset R^{2}\),
where ε is optional (\(\varepsilon>0\)),
Theorem 1
([15])
If \(\partial\Omega\in C^{2}\), then the operator rot sets a one-to-one correspondence between the spaces \(\overset{0}{W}{}_{2}^{1}(\Omega)\) and \(\overset{0}{J} (\Omega)\), moreover, the following inequality holds:
for all \(\vec{V}\in \overset{0}{W}{}_{2}^{1}(\Omega)\).
Here the number \(\mu_{1}\) is the smallest eigenvalue of the operator Δ in the field Ω at the zero boundary condition.
Theorem 2
([15])
If \(\partial\Omega\in C^{2}\), then the operator rot gives a one-to-one map of \(\overset{0}{J}_{1,n} (\Omega)\) onto \(L_{2}(\Omega)\), moreover, the following inequality holds:
for all \(\vec{\psi}=(\psi_{1} , \psi_{2})\in \overset{0}{J}_{1,n}(\Omega)\). Here ψ⃗ does not depend on the constant \(C_{3}\).
3 Main results
Definition 1
The generalized solution of the inverse problem (1)-(6) is a set of function \(\{\vec{v}(x,t), \nabla p(x,t), \vec {H}(x,t), \vec{f}(x), \operatorname{rot}\vec{j}(x)\}\), satisfying the correspondence (1)-(6) in the case if \(\vec{v}(x,t)\in W_{2}^{2,1} (Q_{T})\cap \overset{0}{J}_{1}(Q_{T})\), \(\vec{H}(x,t)\in W_{2}^{2,1}(Q_{T})\cap\hat{J}(Q_{T})\), \(\vec{f}(x)\in L_{2}(\Omega )\), \(\operatorname{rot}\vec{j}(x)\in L_{2}(\Omega)\), and the function \(p(x,t)\in G(Q_{T})\) (\(\nabla p\in L_{2} (Q_{T})\)) at any t from \([0,T]\), and it continuously depends on t in the norm of this space for \([0,T]\).
Let us fix the functions \(g(x,t)\) and \(\xi(x,t)\) and define the nonlinear operators \(T_{g}: L_{2} (\Omega )\to L_{2} (\Omega )\), \(S_{\xi}: L_{2} (\Omega )\to L_{2} (\Omega )\) by the following expression:
Here \(r=\operatorname{rot}\vec{j}(x)\), \(\vec{f}=\vec{f}(x)\), but \(\vec {v}(x,t)\) and \(\vec{H}(x,t)\) are the solution of the direct problem (1)-(5) with \(\vec{F}=g(x,t)\vec{f}(x)\), \(\operatorname{rot}\vec{J}_{0} =\xi (x,t)\operatorname{rot}\vec{j}(x)\).
The introduced operators \(T_{g} \) and \(S_{\xi} \) were well-posed as regards their definitions, since the necessary conditions for differentiability of v⃗, H⃗, and p are ensured by the theory in the work of Ladyzhenskaya and Solonnikov (see [9] Theorem 18, p.168, Theorem 19, p.169).
We suppose that \(g(x,T)\ne0\) and \(\xi(x,T)\ne0\) for all \(x\in\Omega \); we introduce the nonlinear operators \(A: L_{2} (\Omega )\to L_{2} (\Omega )\) and \(y B: L_{2} (\Omega )\to L_{2} (\Omega )\), by the following expressions:
Thus, if \(g(x,t)\vec{f}(x)\in L_{2} (Q_{T} )\), \(g_{t}(x,t)\vec{f}(x)\in L_{2,1} (Q_{T} )\) and \(\xi (x,t)\operatorname{rot}\vec{j}(x)\in L_{2} (Q_{T} )\), \(\xi_{t} (x,t) \operatorname{rot}\vec {j}(x)\in L_{2,1} (Q_{T} )\), additionally \(g(x,t), g_{t}(x,t)\in C (\bar{Q}_{T} )\), \(\xi(x,t), \xi _{t}(x,t)\in C (\bar{Q}_{T} )\), then, by (1) and (2) and in terms of these operators, (7), (8) given the inverse problem can be rewritten as
where
Theorem 3
Assume that \(\Omega\subset R^{2} \), \(g, g_{t} \in C (\bar{Q}_{T} )\), \(\xi, \xi_{t} \in C (\bar{Q}_{T} )\), \(\vert g(x,t)\vert \ge g_{T}>0\), \(\vert \xi (x,t)\vert \ge\xi_{T}>0\) for \(x\in\Omega\), \(\vec{U}(x)\in W_{2}^{2} (\Omega )\cap \overset{0}{J}_{1} (\Omega )\), \(\vec{H}_{0} (x)\in\hat{J} (\Omega )\), \(\vec{\Psi }(x)\in\hat{J} (\Omega )\), \(\vec{v}_{0} (x)\in W_{2}^{2} (\Omega )\cap \overset{0}{J}_{1} (\Omega )\), \(\nabla\pi(x)\in G (\Omega )\). Then the operators A and B are completely continuous from \(L_{2} (\Omega )\) to \(L_{2} (\Omega )\).
Proof
Now we show that the operators \(T_{g}\) and \(S_{\xi}\) are completely continuous. Assume that \(\vec{f}(x)\) and \(\vec{r}(x)\) are arbitrary elements of \(L_{2} (\Omega )\). We take arbitrary sequences \(\{\vec{f}^{N} \}\) and \(\{\vec {r}^{N} \}\) of \(L_{2} (\Omega )\), such that
Let us show (10) implies that
We consider in \(Q_{T}\) the following problem:
Here we introduce the notations \(\vec{W}=\vec{v}^{N} -\vec {v}\), \(\vec{h}=\vec{H}^{N} -\vec{H}\), \(\vec{F}=(\vec{f}^{N} -\vec {f})g-W_{k} \vec{v}_{x_{k}}+\frac{\mu}{\rho} h_{k} \vec{H}_{x_{k}}\), \(\vec{G}=\frac{\xi(x,t)}{\sigma\mu}(\vec{r}^{N} -\vec{r})+h_{k} \vec {v}_{x_{k}}-W_{k} \vec{H}_{x_{k}}\). Here the functions \(\vec{v}^{N} \), \(\vec{H}^{N}\), and \(\nabla p^{N} \) are the generalized solution of the direct problem (1)-(5), corresponding to the external forces \(\vec {f}^{N} (x)g(x,t)\) and the currents \(\xi(x,t)\vec{r}^{N}(x)\). We denote the solution of this problem, corresponding to the external forces \(\vec{f}(x)g(x,t)\) and the currents \(\xi(x,t)\vec{r}(x)\), by v⃗, H⃗, and ∇p.
We can consider the problem (14)-(18) with respect to the functions W⃗ and h⃗ as linear, since \((\vec{v}, \vec{H} )\) and \((\vec{v}^{N} , \vec{H}^{N} )\) have the following [9, 13–15] differential conditions: \((\vec{v}_{tx} , \vec {H}_{tx} )\in L_{2}(Q_{T})\times L_{2}(Q_{T})\) and \((\vec {v}_{tx}^{N} , \vec{H}_{tx}^{N} )\in L_{2} (Q_{T})\times L_{2}(Q_{T})\); then \((\vec{v}, \vec{H} )\) and \((\vec {v}^{N} , \vec{H}^{N} )\) are elements \(L_{q} (\Omega )\times L_{q} (\Omega )\), for all \(t\in[0, T]\) with any finite q, and they continuously depend on t in the norm \(L_{q} (\Omega )\times L_{q} (\Omega )\). The following inequality holds:
for the solution of the problem [8, 9, 13].
Let us estimate \(\Vert \vec{F}\Vert _{2,Q_{T}}^{2}\) and \(\Vert \vec{G}\Vert _{2,Q_{T}}^{2}\). By applying Theorems 1 and 2, and Lemma 1, we obtain
For the difference of two generalized solutions of problems [9] the following inequality holds:
where
By squaring and integrating both sides of inequality (20) on t from 0 to T, we have
then
Furthermore, (12), (22), (23), and (19) imply that
Let us consider in \(Q_{T} \) the problem
where
The problem (25)-(26), as well as the problem (27)-(28) with the conditions in the space \(V_{2} (Q_{T})\) is uniquely solvable [4, 9, 13]. We now take the dot product of the first equation of (25) with the function \(\vec{W}(x,t)\) and of (27) with \(\vec{h}(x,t)\), respectively, in \(L_{2} (Q_{T} )\), then we obtain
Using the method of [4] we prove that \((\vec{v}^{N} -\vec{v} )_{t} \) and \((\vec{H}^{N} -\vec{H} )_{t} \) are the solutions of the problems (23)-(24) and (25)-(26) from \(V_{2} (Q_{T})\). Estimating the right-hand sides of (29) and (30), and by (12) and (24), we have
Thus we have proved that the operators \(T_{g} \) and \(S_{\xi}\) are continuous.
Now we show the complete continuity of the operators \(T_{g}\) and \(S_{\xi }\). Let us consider the following problem:
Here
By the differential conditions of the problem (32)-(34) we fix an arbitrary number ε. Since the functions \(\Vert \vec {W}_{x}(x,t)\Vert _{2,\Omega}\) and \(\Vert \operatorname{rot}\vec{h}(x,t)\Vert _{2,\Omega}\) are continuous on \([\varepsilon, T]\), we could choose \(t_{*} \in[\varepsilon, T]\) such that the following equalities hold:
Equations (32) and (33) imply that
Integrating by parts (36), we obtain
By equality (35) and equality (37), we obtain
By the well-known theory in [4, 13], the following inequalities hold:
for the solutions of problem (32)-(34).
Since \(\Omega\subset R^{2} \), \(g, g_{t} \in C (\bar{Q}_{T} )\), \(\xi, \xi_{t} \in C (\bar{Q}_{T} )\), and \(\vec{f}(x), \operatorname{rot}\vec{j}(x)\in L_{2} (\Omega)\), the following inequalities hold:
By inequalities (39) and (40), we obtain
Moreover, the equality (41) implies that
Here \(\Vert \vec{F}_{1} \Vert _{2,Q_{T}}^{2}\) and \(\Vert \vec {G}_{1} \Vert _{2,Q_{T}}^{2}\) are bounded, since one can estimate \(\vec{v}_{t}(x,t)\), \(\vec{v}_{tx}(x,t)\), \(\vec{H}_{t}(x,t)\) and \(\operatorname{rot}\vec {H}_{t}\) in \(L_{2} (Q_{T} )\) via the data of the problem and \(\Vert \vec{f}\Vert _{2,\Omega} \), \(\Vert \vec{r}\Vert _{2,\Omega}\). By combining (40) and (41), we have
Thus, the operators \(T_{g}\) and \(S_{\xi}\) map any bounded set D from \(L_{2} (\Omega )\), which is the domain of definition of \(T_{g} \) and \(S_{\xi}\) into a bounded set D̃ from \(W_{2}^{1} (\Omega )\). Then the set D̃ is compact in \(L_{2} (\Omega )\) by the Rellich theorem. Thus the operators \(T_{g}\) and \(S_{\xi}\) are continuous and map every bounded set into a compact set. Consequently, the operators \(T_{g}\) and \(S_{\xi}\) are completely continuous. The operators A and B are also completely continuous as a composition of linear bounded and completely continuous operators. □
Theorem 4
If \(g, g_{t} \in C (\bar{Q}_{T} )\), \(\xi, \xi_{t} \in C (\bar{Q}_{T} )\), \(\vert g(x,t)\vert \ge g_{T} >0\), \(\vert \xi(x,t)\vert \ge\xi_{T}>0\) as \(x\in\Omega\), \(\vec{U}(x)\in W_{2}^{2} (\Omega )\cap \overset{0}{J}_{1} (\Omega )\), \(\vec{H}_{0}(x)\in\hat {J} (\Omega )\), \(\vec{\Psi}(x)\in\hat{J} (\Omega )\), \(\vec{v}_{0}(x)\in W_{2}^{2} (\Omega )\cap \overset{0}{J}_{1} (\Omega )\), \(\nabla\pi(x)\in G (\Omega )\). Let the inequalities
hold. Then the problem (1)-(6) is solvable if and only if (11) is solvable in \(L_{2} (\Omega )\).
Proof
We suppose that the operator equations (11) are solvable. We introduce the notation \(\vec{f}_{1}(x)\) and \(\vec {r}_{1}=\operatorname{rot}\vec{j}_{1}(x)\). Then by [9–15], we can find \(\vec{v}_{1} \), \(\nabla p_{1} \), and \(\vec{H}_{1}\) in the necessary classes of functions, satisfying (1)-(5) with vectors \(\vec {f}_{1}(x)g(x,t)\) and \(\xi(x,t)\operatorname{rot}\vec{j}_{1}(x)\). We show that these functions satisfy the overdetermination condition (6), also. Let \(\vec {v}(x,T)=\vec{U}_{1} (x)\), \(\vec{H}(x,T)=\vec{\Psi}_{1} (x)\), \(\nabla p(x,T)=\nabla\pi(x)\), then for the function \(\vec{w}=\vec {U}-\vec{U}_{1} \), \(\vec{z}=\vec{\Psi}-\vec{\Psi}_{1}\), we have the following problem:
Now we take the dot product of (46) with the function w⃗ and of (47) with z⃗, respectively, in \(L_{2} (\Omega )\),
We transform the previous equalities into the following form:
the right-hand side of previous equality implies that
Hence
By conditions (45), from inequality (52) we obtain \(\vec {U}=\vec{U}_{1} \), \(\vec{\Psi}=\vec{\Psi}_{1}\), then \(\nabla\pi (x)=\nabla\pi_{1}(x)\). Thus, \(\vec{v}_{1} \), \(\nabla p_{1} \), \(\vec {H}_{1}\), \(\vec{f}_{1}(x)\), and \(\vec{r}_{1}=\operatorname{rot}\vec{j}_{1}(x)\) satisfy all conditions (1)-(6). Consequently, the problem (1)-(6) is solvable.
Necessity. Assume that the problem (1)-(6) is solvable. Let us denote this solution by \(\{\vec{v}, \nabla p, \vec{H}, \operatorname{rot}\vec{j} \}\). Hence, we obtain the operator equations (11). Furthermore, we see that \(\vec{f}(x)\) and \(\vec{r}=\operatorname{rot}\vec{j}(x)\) are solutions of this equation. □
Theorem 5
Let the condition of Theorem 4 hold. Let the following inequality hold:
where
Then there exists a solution of the inverse problem (1)-(6).
Proof
It is known that for the direct problem (1)-(5), one can obtain the following inequality:
We return to the problem (32)-(34). We rewrite (32), (33). By differentiating (1) and (2) with respect to t, we have
Taking the dot product of (55) and (56) with \(\rho\vec{v}_{t} \) and \(\mu\vec{H}_{t} \) in \(L_{2} (\Omega )\), respectively, we obtain
Here
By combining (57) and (58), we obtain
Here we introduced the following notation:
By applying the Young inequality to the right-hand side of (59), we obtain
Then we have
Multiplying the last inequality by \(\exp \{-\beta (T-t) \}\), \(\beta=\frac{2-\delta}{2d^{2}}\), we obtain
here \(y(t)=\omega(t)e^{-\beta(T-t)} \), \(\alpha_{1}(t)=\frac{c^{2} }{2\delta} \Phi^{2}(t)\), \(\alpha _{2}(t)=z(t)e^{-\beta(T-t)} \). Then the last inequality can be rewritten as
By the Gronwall lemma, we have
Integrating this inequality with respect to t from 0 to T, we obtain
Returning to the original notation, we obtain the following inequality:
where \(\vec{v}_{t}(x,0)=\nu\Delta\vec{v}_{0}+\vec{f}(x)g(x,0)-v_{0k} \vec{v}_{0x_{k}}+\frac{\mu}{\rho} H_{0k} \vec{H}_{0x_{k}}\),
We consider the bounded, convex, closed set
Since \((A\vec{f} )(x)=\frac{1}{g(x,T)} (T_{g} \vec{f} )(x)\), \((B\vec{r} )(x)=\frac{\sigma\mu}{\xi(x,T)} (S_{\xi} \vec{r} )(x)\), the following inequality holds:
for the operators A and B in D.
We define in D the nonlinear operators \(A_{1} \) and \(B_{1} \) in the following form:
By the condition (53) the operators \(A_{1}\) and \(B_{1}\) map D onto itself. By virtue of this and by Theorem 3, the operators A and B are completely continuous, and the combined Schauder principle implies the solvability of the operator equation
in D. Thus, by Theorem 4 the inverse problem is solvable (1)-(6). The proof is complete. □
4 Conclusion
The inverse problem with final overdetermination for a non-stationary magnetic hydrodynamics system has been reduced to an operator equation. By skillfully using the method proposed in [21] and [30], the compactness of the operator is proved and Schauder’s theorem for the operator equation is used. The important thing is the previously unexamined inverse problem with final overdetermination for a non-stationary flat system of magnetic hydrodynamics. The results were formulated in the form of theorems and were proved rigorously. The search for new methods for facilitating the solution of the problem of the existence of a global solution of inverse problems for the Navier-Stokes equations, free convection, magnetohydrodynamics, and other nonlinear evolution equations is relevant. Therefore the proposed method by [21] and [30] is definitely applicable, also to the investigation of many other inverse problems.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the research project MES RK (No. 0113RK00943).
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Abylkairov, U.U., Aitzhanov, S.E. Inverse problem for non-stationary system of magnetohydrodynamics. Bound Value Probl 2015, 173 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-015-0438-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-015-0438-x