Schwarz boundary value problem for the Cauchy-Riemann equation in a rectangle

Abstract

In this paper, Schwarz problem for the inhomogeneous Cauchy-Riemann equation in a rectangle is investigated explicitly. By the parqueting reflection principle and the Cauchy-Pompeiu formula, a modified Schwarz-Poisson representation formula in a rectangle is constructed. In particular, the boundary behaviors for the related Schwarz-type and Pompeiu-type operators at the corner points are discussed in detail.

1 Introduction

There are many investigations of boundary value problems for its theoretical significance and extensive applications in mathematical physics, such as elasticity theory, potential theory, medical imaging. Numerous results have been achieved for boundary value problems in different particular domains; see [1–10]. The basic boundary value problems are the Schwarz, Dirichlet, Robin and Neumann problems. In general, the well-known conformal invariance of the reflection across circles and lines can be used to find a Schwarz operator for simple domains like circles, half circles, rings, half planes, etc. But the explicit Schwarz-Poisson formula in a rectangle cannot be simply obtained from the classical Schwarz-Poisson formula on the unit disc or the half-plane by conformal mapping. In [11, 12], the authors introduced a method of plane parqueting, which can be used to determine a Schwarz operator, the harmonic Green and Neumann functions, and requires that reflecting the domain at all of these circular or straight curves produces a parqueting of whole complex plane with possible exception of singular points. In [7, 10, 13], the authors discussed Schwarz and Dirichlet problems in an isosceles orthogonal triangle and an equilateral triangle via different series. Also the Green and Neumann functions for a strip and a rectangle were established in detail in [6]. In the present paper, we construct a modified Schwarz-Poisson representation formula by the parqueting reflection principle and Cauchy-Pompeiu formula in a rectangle, discussing the related Schwarz problem explicitly.

Let Ω be a domain in the complex plane $\mathbb{C}$ defined by

$$ \Omega= \{z=x+iy: 0< x< a, 0< y< b \}, $$

(1)

where 0, a, $\mu=a+ib$, $\nu=ib$ are four corner points of the domain Ω. The boundary $\partial\Omega=[0,a]\cup[a,\mu]\cup[\mu,\nu]\cup[\nu,0]$ is oriented counter-clockwise. That is, the oriented line $[0,a]$ is parameterized by $t\mapsto t$, $t\in[0,a]$, the segment $[a,\mu]$ is parameterized by $t\mapsto a+it$, $t\in[0,b]$, the oriented segment $[\mu,\nu]$ is parameterized by $t\mapsto t+ib$, $t\in[a,0]$, and the oriented segment $[\nu,0]$ is parameterized by $t\mapsto it$, $t\in[b,0]$.

Lemma 1.1

([14–16])

If $w\in C^{1}(\Omega;\mathbb{C} )\cap C(\overline{\Omega};\mathbb{C})$, then

$$\frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial \Omega}w(\zeta)\frac{\mathrm{d}\zeta}{\zeta-z}- \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{ \Omega}w_{\overline{\zeta}}(\zeta)\frac{\mathrm{d}\xi\, \mathrm{d}\eta}{\zeta-z}=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} w(z),&z\in\Omega, \\ 0,&z\notin\overline{\Omega} \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

and

$$- \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial \Omega}w(\zeta)\frac{\mathrm{d}\overline{\zeta}}{\overline{\zeta-z}}- \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{ \Omega}w_{\zeta}(\zeta)\frac{\mathrm{d}\xi\, \mathrm{d}\eta}{\overline{\zeta-z}}=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} w(z),&z\in\Omega, \\ 0,&z\notin\overline{\Omega}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

where Ω is the rectangle defined by (1) and $\zeta=\xi +i\eta$, $\xi,\eta\in\mathbb{R}$.

Reflecting the point $z\in\Omega$ at $[a,\mu]$, the symmetric point is $z_{1}=2a-\overline{z}$ and the domain Ω is bijectively mapped onto a rectangle $\Omega_{1}=\{z=x+iy: a\leq x\leq2a, 0\leq y\leq b\}$. Furthermore, the symmetric point of $z_{1}$ at $[\mu,\nu]$ is $z_{2}=-z+2a+2bi$ and the domain $\Omega_{1}$ is bijectively mapped onto a rectangle $\Omega_{2}=\{z=x+iy: a\leq x\leq2a, b\leq y\leq2b\}$. Continuing the reflection at $[a,\mu]$, the symmetric point of $z_{2}$ is $z_{3}=\overline {z}+2bi$ and the domain $\Omega_{2}$ is bijectively mapped onto a rectangle $\Omega_{3}=\{z=x+iy: 0\leq x\leq a, b\leq y\leq2b\}$. Finally, reflecting $z_{3}$ at $[\mu,\nu]$, the symmetric point of $z_{3}$ is just point z. Therefore, let $\Omega_{0,0}=\Omega\cup\Omega_{1}\cup\Omega_{2}\cup\Omega _{3}$, we know that $\Omega_{0,0}$ can be a basic rectangle and the reflection along the horizontal and vertical direction is equivalent to extending the basic rectangle $\Omega_{0,0}$ by double periods $2bi$, 2a, respectively (see Figure 1).

Figure 1

$\pmb{\Omega_{0,0}=\Omega\cup\Omega_{1}\cup\Omega_{2}\cup \Omega_{3}}$ .

Denoting $\omega_{mn}=2(ma+nbi)$, $m,n\in\mathbb{Z}$, and

$$ \Omega_{m,n}=\{z+\omega_{mn}: z\in \Omega_{0,0}, m,n \in\mathbb{Z}\}, $$

(2)

then $\mathbb{C}=\bigcup^{+\infty}_{m,n=-\infty}\overline{\Omega} _{m,n}$. By the technique of plane parqueting, the complex plane is divided into infinitely rectangles, which are congruent to the domain Ω.

2 Schwarz-Poisson formula

Suppose $R_{M,N}=\{(k,j): |k|\leq M, |j|\leq N, k,j\in\mathbb{Z}\}$ for $M,N\in\mathbb{N}$ be a finite set of double series. If the limit $\lim_{(M,N)\rightarrow(\infty,\infty)}\sum_{(m,n)\in R_{M,N}}f_{m,n}(\zeta,z)$ exists, then the double series $\sum_{(m,n)\in\mathbb{Z}\times\mathbb{Z}}f_{m,n}(\zeta ,z)$, simply $\sum_{m,n}f_{m,n}(\zeta,z)$ is convergent along the rectangle, that is,

$$ \sum_{m,n}f_{m,n}(\zeta,z)= \lim_{(M,N)\rightarrow(\infty ,\infty)}\sum_{(m,n)\in R_{M,N}}f_{m,n}( \zeta,z). $$

(3)

Similarly in [10, 17], the following result is true.

Lemma 2.1

Suppose that $S,E,W\subset\mathbb{C}$ be three bounded sets. If $S\cap E_{m,n}=\emptyset$, $S\cap W_{m,n}=\emptyset$ for all $(m,n)\in\mathbb{Z}\times\mathbb{Z}$, then the double series

$$\sum_{m,n} \biggl[ \frac{1}{\zeta-z-\omega _{mn}}- \frac{1}{\zeta-w-\omega_{mn}} \biggr] $$

is uniformly convergent for $(\zeta,z,w)\in S\times E\times W$ with $E_{m,n}=\{z+\omega_{mn}: z\in E\}$ and $W_{m,n}=\{z+\omega_{mn}: z\in W\}$.

Let

$$\begin{aligned} q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)&= \frac{1}{\zeta-z-\omega _{mn}}+ \frac{1}{\zeta+z-\omega_{mn}} \\ &= \frac{1}{\zeta-z-2ma-2nbi}+ \frac{1}{\zeta +z-2ma-2nbi}, \end{aligned}$$

(4)

then we have the following result.

Theorem 2.1

Any $w\in C^{1}(\Omega;\mathbb{C} )\cap C(\overline{\Omega};\mathbb{C})$ can be represented as

$$ w(z)=w(\alpha)+ \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial \Omega}w(\zeta)\Xi_{\alpha}(\zeta,z)\,\mathrm{d} { \zeta}- \frac {1}{\pi} \int_{ \Omega}w_{\overline{\zeta}}(\zeta)\Xi_{\alpha}(\zeta,z)\, \mathrm{d} {\xi }\,\mathrm{d}\eta,\quad z\in\Omega, $$

(5)

and, for $z\in\Omega$,

$$\begin{aligned} w(z) =&w(\alpha)+ \frac{1}{\pi i} \int_{\partial \Omega}\operatorname{Re}w(\zeta)\Xi_{\alpha}(\zeta,z)\, \mathrm{d} {\zeta} \\ &{}- \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{ \Omega} \bigl[w_{\overline{\zeta}}(\zeta)\Xi_{\alpha}( \zeta,z) -\overline{w_{\overline{\zeta}}(\zeta)}\Xi_{\alpha}(\overline{\zeta },z) \bigr]\,\mathrm{d} {\xi}\,\mathrm{d}\eta, \end{aligned}$$

(6)

where α is a fixed point in Ω and

$$\Xi_{\alpha}(\zeta,z)=\sum_{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta ,z)-q_{m,n}(\zeta,\alpha) \bigr]. $$

Proof

For $z\in\Omega$, we know $\pm\overline{z}+\omega_{mn}$, $-z+\omega_{mn}\notin\Omega$ for $(m,n)\in\mathbb{Z}\times\mathbb {Z}$, and $z+\omega_{mn}\notin\Omega$ for $(m,n)\neq(0,0)$. Then by Lemma 1.1, one has, for $z\in\Omega$,

$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial\Omega} \frac {w(\zeta)}{\zeta-z}\,\mathrm{d}\zeta - \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{ \Omega}w_{\overline{\zeta}}(\zeta)\frac{\mathrm{d}\xi\,\mathrm{d}\eta}{\zeta-z}=w(z), \end{aligned}$$

(7)

$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial\Omega} \frac {w(\zeta)}{\zeta-z-\omega_{mn}}\,\mathrm{d}\zeta - \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{ \Omega}w_{\overline{\zeta}}(\zeta)\frac{\mathrm{d}\xi\, \mathrm{d}\eta}{\zeta-z-\omega_{mn}}=0, \quad (m,n)\neq(0,0), \end{aligned}$$

(8)

$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial\Omega} \frac {w(\zeta)}{\zeta+z-\omega_{mn}}\,\mathrm{d}\zeta - \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{ \Omega}w_{\overline{\zeta}}(\zeta)\frac{\mathrm{d}\xi\,\mathrm{d}\eta}{\zeta+z-\omega_{mn}}=0, \end{aligned}$$

(9)

$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial \Omega} \frac{w(\zeta)}{\zeta-\overline{z}-\omega_{mn}}\,\mathrm{d}\zeta - \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{ \Omega}w_{\overline{\zeta}}(\zeta)\frac{\mathrm{d}\xi\,\mathrm{d}\eta}{\zeta-\overline{z}-\omega_{mn}}=0, \end{aligned}$$

(10)

$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial\Omega} \frac {w(\zeta)}{\zeta+\overline{z}-\omega_{mn}}\,\mathrm{d}\zeta - \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{ \Omega}w_{\overline{\zeta}}(\zeta)\frac{\mathrm{d}\xi\,\mathrm{d}\eta}{\zeta+\overline{z}-\omega_{mn}}=0. \end{aligned}$$

(11)

Adding (7), (8) and (9), and taking the sum for all the indices $(m,n)\in R_{M,N}$, we obtain

$$ w(z)= \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int _{\partial\Omega} w(\zeta)Q_{M,N}(\zeta,z)\,\mathrm{d}\zeta - \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{ \Omega}w_{\overline{\zeta}}(\zeta)Q_{M,N}(\zeta,z)\, \mathrm{d}\xi\,\mathrm{d}\eta, $$

(12)

which implies that

$$ w(\alpha)= \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial\Omega } w(\zeta)Q_{M,N}(\zeta,\alpha)\,\mathrm{d} \zeta - \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{ \Omega}w_{\overline{\zeta}}(\zeta)Q_{M,N}(\zeta,\alpha) \,\mathrm{d}\xi \,\mathrm{d}\eta, $$

(13)

where

$$ Q_{M,N}(\zeta,z)=\sum_{(m,n)\in R_{M,N}}q_{m,n}( \zeta,z). $$

(14)

Subtracting (13) from (12), then

$$\begin{aligned} w(z) =&w(\alpha)+ \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial \Omega}w(\zeta) \bigl[Q_{M,N}(\zeta,z)-Q_{M,N}( \zeta,\alpha) \bigr]\,\mathrm{d} {\zeta} \\ &{}- \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{ \Omega}w_{\overline{\zeta}}(\zeta) \bigl[Q_{M,N}( \zeta,z)-Q_{M,N}(\zeta ,\alpha) \bigr]\,\mathrm{d} {\xi}\,\mathrm{d}\eta. \end{aligned}$$

(15)

Putting $(M,N)\rightarrow(\infty,\infty)$ and from Lemma 2.1, we get (5).

Let

$$ g_{m,n}(\zeta,\overline{z})=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} q_{m,-n}(\zeta,\overline{z}),&\zeta\in[0,a], \\ q_{-m+1,n}(\zeta,\overline{z}),&\zeta\in[a,\mu], \\ q_{m,-n+1}(\zeta,\overline{z}),&\zeta\in[\mu,\nu], \\ q_{-m,n}(\zeta,\overline{z}),&\zeta\in[\nu,0], \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

(16)

then from the relationship

$$ \zeta=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \overline{\zeta},& \zeta\in[0,a], \\ 2a-\overline{\zeta},&\zeta\in[a,\mu], \\ \overline{\zeta}+2bi,&\zeta\in[\mu, \nu], \\ -\overline{\zeta},&\zeta\in[\nu,0], \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

(17)

we obtain

$$ \overline{q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)}\,\mathrm{d}\overline{ \zeta}=g_{m,n}(\zeta ,\overline{z})\,\mathrm{d}\zeta, \quad \zeta\in \partial\Omega. $$

(18)

Furthermore, by (18) and taking the sum of conjugations of (10) and (11) for all the indices $(m,n)\in R_{M,N}$, we have

$$ \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial \Omega} \overline{w(\zeta)}H_{M,N}(\zeta,z)\, \mathrm{d}\zeta + \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{ \Omega}\overline{w_{\overline{\zeta}}(\zeta)}H_{M,N}( \overline{\zeta },z)\,\mathrm{d}\xi\,\mathrm{d}\eta=0, $$

(19)

where

$$ H_{M,N}(\zeta,z)=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \sum_{(m,n)\in R_{M,N}}q_{m,-n}(\zeta,z),&\zeta\in[0,a], \\ \sum_{(m,n)\in R_{M,N}}q_{-m+1,n}(\zeta,z),&\zeta\in[a,\mu], \\ \sum_{(m,n)\in R_{M,N}}q_{m,-n+1}(\zeta,z),&\zeta\in[\mu,\nu], \\ \sum_{(m,n)\in R_{M,N}}q_{-m,n}(\zeta,z),&\zeta\in[\nu,0], \\ \sum_{(m,n)\in R_{M,N}}q_{m,-n}(\zeta,z),&\zeta\in\Omega. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

(20)

Obviously,

$$ \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial \Omega} \overline{w(\zeta)}H_{M,N}(\zeta,\alpha)\, \mathrm{d}\zeta + \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{ \Omega}\overline{w_{\overline{\zeta}}(\zeta)}H_{M,N}( \overline{\zeta },\alpha)\,\mathrm{d}\xi\,\mathrm{d}\eta=0. $$

(21)

Subtracting (21) from the sum of (19) and (15), we know

$$\begin{aligned} w(z) =&w(\alpha)+ \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial \Omega} \bigl[w(\zeta)A(\zeta,z) +\overline{w(\zeta)}B( \zeta,z) \bigr]\,\mathrm{d} {\zeta} \\ &{}- \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{ \Omega} \bigl[w_{\overline{\zeta}}(\zeta)A(\zeta,z)-\overline {w_{\overline{\zeta}}(\zeta)} B(\overline{\zeta},z) \bigr] \,\mathrm{d} {\xi}\, \mathrm{d}\eta \end{aligned}$$

(22)

with

$$A(\zeta,z)=Q_{M,N}(\zeta,z)-Q_{M,N}(\zeta,\alpha) $$

and

$$B(\zeta,z)=H_{M,N}(\zeta,z)-H_{M,N}(\zeta,\alpha). $$

From Lemma 2.1, (14) and (20), we obtain, for $z\in \Omega$,

$$\lim_{(M,N)\rightarrow(\infty,\infty)}A(\zeta,z)=\lim_{(M,N)\rightarrow(\infty,\infty)}B(\zeta,z) = \sum_{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}( \zeta,z)-q_{m,n}(\zeta,\alpha) \bigr] $$

and

$$\lim_{(M,N)\rightarrow(\infty,\infty)}B(\overline{\zeta},z) =\sum _{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\overline{\zeta},z)-q_{m,n}( \overline {\zeta},\alpha) \bigr]. $$

Letting $(M,N)\rightarrow(\infty,\infty)$ for (22), (6) is obviously true. □

3 Schwarz problem

The classical Schwarz kernel for the upper half-plane $\mathbb{C}^{+}$ is

$$\frac{z-\overline{z}}{|x-z|^{2}}, \quad (x,z)\in(-\infty ,+\infty)\times\mathbb{C}^{+} $$

and satisfies (see [14])

$$\begin{aligned}& \lim_{z\in\mathbb{C}^{+}, z\rightarrow t} \frac {1}{2\pi i} \int_{c}^{d}\rho(x) \biggl[ \frac{1}{x-z}- \frac {1}{x-\overline{z}} \biggr]\,\mathrm{d}x \\& \quad = \rho(t), \quad t\in(c,d)\subset(-\infty,+ \infty), \end{aligned}$$

(23)

with $\rho\in C([c,d],\mathbb{C})$, $c< d$.

Lemma 3.1

For $\rho\in C(\partial\Omega,\mathbb{C})$, $z\in\Omega$, we obtain

$$\begin{aligned}& \lim_{z\rightarrow t} \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{[a,\mu ]}\rho(\xi) \biggl[ \frac{1}{\xi-z}- \frac{1}{\xi+\overline {z}-2a} \biggr]\,\mathrm{d}\xi= \rho(t), \quad t\in(a,\mu), \\& \lim_{z\rightarrow t} \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{[\mu,\nu ]}\rho(\xi) \biggl[ \frac{1}{\xi-z}- \frac{1}{\xi-\overline {z}-2bi} \biggr]\,\mathrm{d}\xi= \rho(t), \quad t\in(\mu,\nu), \\& \lim_{z\rightarrow t} \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{[\nu ,0]}\rho(\xi) \biggl[ \frac{1}{\xi-z}- \frac{1}{\xi+\overline {z}} \biggr]\,\mathrm{d}\xi= \rho(t), \quad t\in(\nu,0). \end{aligned}$$

Proof

When $\xi\in[a,\mu]$ and letting $\xi=a+iy$, then $y\in[0,b]$ and

$$\begin{aligned}& \lim_{z\rightarrow t, t\in(a,\mu )} \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{[a,\mu]}\rho(\xi) \biggl[ \frac{1}{\xi-z}- \frac{1}{\xi+\overline{z}-2a} \biggr]\,\mathrm{d}\xi \\& \quad =\lim_{z\rightarrow t, t\in(a,\mu )} \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{0}^{b}\rho(a+iy) \biggl[ \frac{1}{y-(a-z)i}- \frac{1}{y-(\overline{z}-a)i} \biggr]\,\mathrm{d}y. \end{aligned}$$

For $z\in\Omega$ and $z\rightarrow t\in(a,\mu)$, we obtain $(a-z)i\in \mathbb{C}^{+}$ and $\rightarrow(a-t)i\in(0,b)$. Thus, from the classical Schwarz kernel theory (23), the first limit in Lemma 3.1 equals $\rho(t)$.

For $\xi\in[\mu,\nu]$, we take $\xi=y+ib$, then $y\in[a,0]$ and the second equation is

$$\lim_{z\rightarrow t, t\in(\mu,\nu)} \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{0}^{a}\rho(y+ib) \biggl[ \frac{1}{y-(\overline{z}+i b)}- \frac{1}{y-(z-i b)} \biggr]\,\mathrm{d}y. $$

When $z\in\Omega$ and $z\rightarrow t\in(\mu,\nu)$, we obtain $\overline{z}+i b\in\mathbb{C}^{+}$ and $\rightarrow\overline{t}+i b\in(0,a)$. Hence, from (23), the second equation is true. In the same way, when $\xi\in[\nu,0]$, suppose $\xi=iy$, then $y\in[b,0]$ and the third limit equals

$$\lim_{z\rightarrow t\in(\nu,0)} \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int _{0}^{b}\rho(i y) \biggl[ \frac{1}{y-i\overline{z}}- \frac{1}{ y+iz} \biggr]\,\mathrm{d}y=\rho(t). $$

The proof is completed. □

Define the following Pompeiu-type operator:

$$\begin{aligned} \begin{aligned}[b] A_{\alpha}[f](z)={}&- \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{\Omega}\biggl\{ f(\zeta) \sum_{m,n} \biggl[q_{m,n}(\zeta ,z)- \frac{q_{m,n}(\zeta,\alpha)+q_{m,n}(\zeta,\overline {\alpha})}{2} \biggr] \\ &{}-\overline{f(\zeta)} \sum_{m,n} \biggl[q_{m,n}(\overline{\zeta},z)- \frac {q_{m,n}(\overline{\zeta},\alpha) +q_{m,n}(\overline{\zeta},\overline{\alpha})}{2} \biggr] \biggr\} \,\mathrm{d}\xi\,\mathrm{d}\eta, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$

(24)

for $f\in L_{p}(\Omega,\mathbb{C})$, $p>2$ with $q_{m,n}$ given by (4) and $\alpha\in\Omega$.

Lemma 3.2

If $f\in L_{p}(\Omega,\mathbb{C})$, $p>2$, then $A_{\alpha}[f](z)\in C(\overline{\Omega},\mathbb{C})$ and $\frac{\partial A_{\alpha}[f](z)}{\partial\overline{z}}=f(z)$ for $z\in\Omega$.

Proof

From the classical Pompeiu-type operator in [14],

$$T[f](z)=- \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{\Omega} \frac {f(\zeta)}{\zeta-z}\,\mathrm{d}\xi\,\mathrm{d}\eta\in C(\overline{\Omega },\mathbb{C}) $$

and $\frac{\partial T[f](z)}{\partial\overline{z}}=f(z)$ for $z\in\Omega$. When $z\in\Omega$, then $z+\omega_{mn}\notin\Omega$ for $(m,n)\neq(0,0)$ and $\pm\overline{z}+\omega_{mn}, -z+\omega_{mn}\notin\Omega$. Thus by (4) and (24), we have $A_{\alpha}[f](z)\in C(\overline {\Omega},\mathbb{C})$ and the integral in (24) is analytic for $z\in\Omega$ except for one term $T[f](z)$, therefore,

$$\frac{\partial A_{\alpha}[f](z)}{\partial\overline {z}}= \frac{\partial (- \frac{1}{\pi}\int _{\Omega} \frac{f(\zeta)}{\zeta-z}\,\mathrm{d}\xi\,\mathrm{d}\eta )}{\partial\overline{z}}=f(z). $$

 □

Lemma 3.3

For $f\in L_{p}(\Omega,\mathbb{C})$, $p>2$,

$$\lim_{z\in\Omega, z\rightarrow t}\operatorname{Re}A_{\alpha}[f](z)=0, \quad t \in\partial\Omega. $$

Proof

By (24), we obtain

$$\operatorname{Re}A_{\alpha}[f](z)=- \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{\Omega}\bigl\{ f(\zeta) \bigl[P(\zeta,z)+\Phi(\zeta,\alpha) \bigr] -\overline{f(\zeta)} \bigl[P(\overline{\zeta},z)+\Phi(\overline{\zeta }, \alpha) \bigr] \bigr\} \,\mathrm{d}\xi\,\mathrm{d}\eta $$

with

$$P(\zeta,z)=\sum_{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}( \zeta,z)-q_{m,-n}(\zeta ,\overline{z}) \bigr] $$

and

$$\Phi(\zeta,z)= \frac{1}{2}\sum_{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,-n}(\zeta,\overline{z})-q_{m,n}(\zeta,\overline{z}) +q_{m,-n}(\zeta,z)-q_{m,n}(\zeta,z) \bigr]. $$

Obviously, we know $\Phi(\zeta,\alpha)=\Phi(\overline{\zeta},\alpha)=0$ for $\zeta\in\Omega$. Therefore,

$$\begin{aligned} \operatorname{Re}A_{\alpha}[f](z) =&- \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{\Omega}\biggl\{ f(\zeta)\sum_{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)-q_{m,-n}(\zeta,\overline {z}) \bigr] \\ &{}-\overline{f(\zeta)} \sum_{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\overline{\zeta},z)-q_{m,-n}(\overline{\zeta }, \overline{z}) \bigr] \biggr\} \,\mathrm{d}\xi\,\mathrm{d}\eta. \end{aligned}$$

Furthermore, when $z\in\partial\Omega$, it satisfies equation (17) by replacing ζ with z. For $\zeta\in\Omega$, $z\in[\mu ,\nu]$, we have $\overline{z}=z-2bi$, then

$$\sum_{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}( \zeta,z)-q_{m,-n}(\zeta,\overline{z}) \bigr]=\sum _{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)-q_{m,-n}( \zeta,z-2bi) \bigr]=0. $$

Similarly,

$$\sum_{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\overline{ \zeta},z)-q_{m,-n}(\overline {\zeta},\overline{z}) \bigr]=0, \quad z\in[ \mu,\nu], \zeta\in\Omega. $$

Also, for $\zeta\in\Omega$ and $z\in\partial\Omega\setminus[\mu,\nu]$,

$$\sum_{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}( \zeta,z)-q_{m,-n}(\zeta,\overline{z}) \bigr] =\sum _{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\overline{\zeta},z)-q_{m,-n}( \overline {\zeta},\overline{z}) \bigr]=0, $$

thus the proof is completed. □

Consider the Schwarz-type operator

$$ S_{\alpha}[\gamma](z)= \frac{1}{\pi i} \int_{\partial\Omega }\gamma(\zeta) \sum_{m,n} \biggl[q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)- \frac {q_{m,n}(\zeta,\alpha)+q_{m,n}(\zeta,\overline{\alpha})}{2} \biggr] \,\mathrm{d}\zeta, $$

(25)

where $q_{m,n}$ is given by (4) and $\gamma\in C(\partial\Omega ,\mathbb{R})$. Then we have

$$\begin{aligned} \operatorname{Re}S_{\alpha}[\gamma](z) =& \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int _{\partial\Omega}\gamma(\zeta) \biggl\{ \sum _{m,n} \biggl[q_{m,n}(\zeta ,z)- \frac{q_{m,n}(\zeta,\alpha)+q_{m,n}(\zeta,\overline {\alpha})}{2} \biggr]\,\mathrm{d}\zeta \\ &{}- \sum_{m,n} \biggl[\overline {q_{m,n}( \zeta,z)}- \frac{\overline{q_{m,n}(\zeta,\alpha)} +\overline{q_{m,n}(\zeta,\overline{\alpha})}}{2} \biggr]\,\mathrm{d} {\overline{\zeta}} \biggr\} . \end{aligned}$$

By (18),

$$\begin{aligned} \operatorname{Re}S_{\alpha}[\gamma](z) =& \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int _{\partial\Omega}\gamma(\zeta) \biggl\{ \sum _{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)-g_{m,n}(\zeta , \overline{z}) \bigr] \\ &{}- \frac{1}{2} \sum_{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta,\alpha)-g_{m,n}(\zeta,\overline{\alpha })+q_{m,n}(\zeta,\overline{\alpha})-g_{m,n}(\zeta,\alpha) \bigr] \biggr\} \,\mathrm{d} {\zeta}, \end{aligned}$$

where $g_{m,n}$ is given by (16). From (16) and Lemma 2.1, for $\zeta\in\partial\Omega$,

$$\sum_{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta, \alpha)-g_{m,n}(\zeta ,\overline{\alpha})+q_{m,n}(\zeta, \overline{\alpha})-g_{m,n}(\zeta ,\alpha) \bigr]=0 $$

and

$$\sum_{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}( \zeta,z)-g_{m,n}(\zeta,\overline{z}) \bigr]=\sum _{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)-q_{m,n}(\zeta, \overline{z}) \bigr], $$

therefore,

$$ \operatorname{Re}S_{\alpha}[\gamma](z)= \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int _{\partial\Omega}\gamma(\zeta) \sum_{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)-q_{m,n}(\zeta,\overline{z}) \bigr]\, \mathrm{d} {\zeta}. $$

(26)

Lemma 3.4

For $\gamma\in C(\partial\Omega,\mathbb{R})$, $S_{\alpha}[\gamma](z)$ is analytic in Ω, i.e.,

$$\frac{\partial S_{\alpha}[\gamma](z)}{\partial\overline{z}}=0. $$

Proof

From (25), the sum in integrand can be rewritten as

$$\frac{1}{2}\sum_{m,n} \bigl\{ \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta ,z)-q_{m,n}(\zeta,\alpha) \bigr] + \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)-q_{m,n}(\zeta,\overline{\alpha}) \bigr] \bigr\} , $$

which is convergent for $\zeta\in\partial\Omega$, $z\in\Omega$ by Lemma 2.1. Obviously, from the expression of $q_{m,n}$ in (4), the integrand in $S_{\alpha}[\gamma](z)$ is analytic for $z\in\Omega$, hence the proof is completed. □

Lemma 3.5

For $z\in\Omega$, $\gamma\in C(\partial\Omega,\mathbb{R})$,

$$ \lim_{z\rightarrow t} \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{L} \bigl[\gamma(\zeta) -\gamma(t_{0}) \bigr] \sum_{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}( \zeta,z)-q_{m,n}(\zeta ,\overline{z}) \bigr]\,\mathrm{d} {\zeta}= \gamma(t)-\gamma(t_{0}), $$

(27)

where $t\in L^{0}\cup\{t_{0}\}$, $L^{0}$ is L except for two endpoints and

$$L=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} {[\mu,\nu]},& \textit{for } t_{0}=\mu \textit{ or } \nu, \\ {[\nu,0]},& \textit{for } t_{0}=0 \textit{ or } \nu, \\ {[0,a]},& \textit{for } t_{0}=0 \textit{ or } a, \\ {[a,\mu]},& \textit{for } t_{0}=a \textit{ or } \mu. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

Furthermore, for $t\in\partial\Omega\setminus L^{0}$,

$$ \lim_{z\rightarrow t} \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{L} \bigl[\gamma(\zeta)-\gamma(t) \bigr] \sum _{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)-q_{m,n}(\zeta, \overline{z}) \bigr]\,\mathrm{d} {\zeta}=0. $$

(28)

Proof

When $L=[\mu,\nu]$, $t_{0}=\nu$ and $t\in L^{0}\cup\{t_{0}\}=(\mu,\nu]$,

$$\begin{aligned}& \lim_{z\rightarrow t} \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{[\mu,\nu ]} \bigl[\gamma(\zeta) -\gamma(\nu) \bigr]\sum _{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)-q_{m,n}(\zeta , \overline{z}) \bigr]\,\mathrm{d} {\zeta} \\& \quad = \lim_{z\rightarrow t} \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{[\mu,\nu ]} \bigl[\gamma(\zeta) -\gamma(\nu) \bigr] \biggl[ \frac{1}{\zeta-z}-\frac{1}{\zeta -\overline{z}-2bi}+\frac{1}{\zeta+z-2bi}-\frac{1}{\zeta+\overline {z}} \biggr]\,\mathrm{d} {\zeta} \\& \quad =\lim_{z\rightarrow t} \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{[\mu,\nu ]\cup[\nu,-a+i b]}\Gamma(\zeta) \biggl[ \frac{1}{\zeta-z}- \frac {1}{\zeta-\overline{z}-2bi} \biggr]\,\mathrm{d} {\zeta}, \end{aligned}$$

where

$$\Gamma(\zeta)=\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l@{\quad}l} \gamma(\zeta)-\gamma(\nu),&\zeta\in[\mu,\nu], \\ \gamma(\nu)-\gamma(2bi-\zeta),&\zeta\in[\nu,-a+i b]. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

By $\Gamma\in C([\mu,\nu]\cup[\nu,-a+i b],\mathbb{R})$ and from the second equation in Lemma 3.1, the above limit is $\Gamma(t)=\gamma (t)-\gamma(\nu)$. That is,

$$\lim_{z\rightarrow t} \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{[\mu,\nu ]} \bigl[\gamma(\zeta) -\gamma(\nu) \bigr]\sum _{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)-q_{m,n}(\zeta , \overline{z}) \bigr]\,\mathrm{d} {\zeta}=\gamma(t)-\gamma(\nu), \quad t\in (\mu, \nu]. $$

Similarly,

$$\lim_{z\rightarrow t} \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{[\mu,\nu ]} \bigl[\gamma(\zeta) -\gamma(\mu) \bigr]\sum _{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)-q_{m,n}(\zeta , \overline{z}) \bigr]\,\mathrm{d} {\zeta}=\gamma(t)-\gamma(\mu), \quad t\in [\mu, \nu). $$

In the same way, when L and $t_{0}$ are in all other cases of (27), the result (27) is also true.

Furthermore, by (17), we obtain for $z\in[0,a]\cup[a,\mu)\cup (\nu,0]$ and $\zeta\in[\mu,\nu]$, $\sum_{m,n} [q_{m,n}(\zeta, z)-q_{m,n}(\zeta,\overline{z}) ]=0$, therefore, for $t\in[0,a]\cup[a,\mu)\cup(\nu,0]$,

$$ \lim_{z\rightarrow t} \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{[\mu,\nu ]} \bigl[\gamma(\zeta)-\gamma(t) \bigr] \sum _{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)-q_{m,n}(\zeta, \overline{z}) \bigr]\,\mathrm{d} {\zeta}=0. $$

(29)

Combining the result (27), we obtain (29) is also true for corner points $t=\mu,\nu$, hence (28) holds for $L=[\mu ,\nu]$ and $t\in\partial\Omega\setminus(\mu,\nu)$. Similarly, (28) is also true for L, t in the other cases. The proof is completed. □

Lemma 3.6

For $\gamma\in C(\partial\Omega,\mathbb{R})$ and $t\in\partial\Omega$,

$$\lim_{ z\in\Omega, z\rightarrow t}\operatorname{Re}S_{\alpha}[\gamma ](z)= \gamma(t). $$

Proof

From (26), we only need to prove

$$ \lim_{ z\in\Omega, z\rightarrow t} \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial\Omega}\gamma(\zeta) \sum_{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)-q_{m,n}(\zeta,\overline{z}) \bigr]\, \mathrm{d} {\zeta}=\gamma(t), \quad t\in\partial\Omega. $$

(30)

First of all, taking $w(z)\equiv1$ and by (12), (13), we know

$$\frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial\Omega} Q_{M,N}(\zeta ,z)\,\mathrm{d}\zeta=1, \quad z\in\Omega $$

and

$$\frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial\Omega} Q_{M,N}(\zeta,\alpha )\,\mathrm{d}\zeta=1. $$

In particular, for $\alpha\in\Omega$, $\pm\overline{\alpha}+\omega _{mn}$ do not belong to Ω, so we have

$$\frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial\Omega}Q_{M,N}(\zeta ,\overline{\alpha})\,\mathrm{d} \zeta=0. $$

Combining the above three equations and taking $(M,N)\rightarrow(\infty ,\infty)$, thus

$$S_{\alpha}[1](z)= \frac{1}{\pi i} \int_{\partial\Omega} \sum_{m,n} \biggl[q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)- \frac{q_{m,n}(\zeta ,\alpha)+q_{m,n}(\zeta,\overline{\alpha})}{2} \biggr] \,\mathrm{d}\zeta=1. $$

Then from (26),

$$ \operatorname{Re}S_{\alpha}[1](z)= \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial\Omega} \sum_{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)-q_{m,n}(\zeta,\overline{z}) \bigr]\, \mathrm{d} {\zeta}=1, \quad z\in\Omega, $$

(31)

hence,

$$\begin{aligned}& \lim_{ z\in\Omega, z\rightarrow t}\operatorname{Re}S_{\alpha}[ \gamma ](z) \\& \quad =\lim_{ z\in\Omega, z\rightarrow t} \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial\Omega} \bigl[\gamma(\zeta)-\gamma(t) \bigr] \sum _{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)-q_{m,n}(\zeta, \overline{z}) \bigr]\,\mathrm{d} {\zeta}+\gamma(t). \end{aligned}$$

(32)

When $t\in(\mu,\nu)$, we rewrite $\operatorname{Re}S_{\alpha}[\gamma](z)$ as

$$\frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{\partial\Omega} \bigl[\gamma(\zeta )-\gamma(\mu) \bigr] \sum _{m,n} \bigl[q_{m,n}(\zeta,z)-q_{m,n}(\zeta, \overline{z}) \bigr]\,\mathrm{d} {\zeta}+\gamma(\mu), $$

thus from the results for $L=[\mu,\nu]$, $t_{0}=\mu$ in (27) and for $L=[0,a]$, $[a,\mu]$, and $[\nu,0]$ in (28), we get $\lim_{ z\in\Omega, z\rightarrow t}\operatorname{Re}S_{\alpha}[\gamma ](z)=\gamma(t)$, $t\in(\mu,\nu)$. Furthermore, by (32) and Lemma 3.5, (30) obviously holds for $t=\mu,\nu$. Similarly, when $t\in \partial\Omega\setminus[\mu,\nu]$, the result is also true. Then the proof is completed. □

Theorem 3.1

The Schwarz problem

$$ \left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l}\partial_{\overline{z}}w=f\quad \textit{in } \Omega,\qquad \operatorname{Re}w=\gamma\quad \textit{on } \partial\Omega, \\ \operatorname{Im}w(\alpha)=c, \quad c\in \mathbb{R}, \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

(33)

for $f\in L_{p}(\Omega;\mathbb{C})$, $p>2$, $\gamma\in C(\partial\Omega;\mathbb{R})$, and α is a fixed point in Ω, is uniquely solvable by

$$ w(z)=S_{\alpha}[\gamma](z)+ A_{\alpha}[f](z)+ic, $$

(34)

where $A_{\alpha}$, $S_{\alpha}$ are defined by (24) and (25), respectively.

Proof

By Lemmas 3.2-3.4 and Lemma 3.6, $\varphi(z)=S_{\alpha}[\gamma](z)+ A_{\alpha}[f](z)$ satisfies the first two conditions in (33). Suppose $\phi (z)=w(z)-\varphi(z)$, then $\phi(z)$ satisfies

$$\left \{ \textstyle\begin{array}{l} \partial_{\overline{z}}\phi=0 \quad \text{in } \Omega, \\ \operatorname{Re}\phi=0 \quad \text{on } \partial\Omega. \end{array}\displaystyle \right . $$

Then from Theorem 2.1, we know $\phi(z)=i\operatorname{Im}w(\alpha)=ic$, thus, the proof is completed. □